Essay about Mans Need For Woman in the Works of Edgar...

Mans Need For Woman in the Works of Edgar Allen Poe In the beginning, there was Adam. Adam felt incomplete in the Garden of Eden and needed a companion. Eve was created and Adam had his woman. Edgar Allen Poe experimented with mans eternal necessity and drew his final conclusion near the end of his literary career. With the publication of Eureka, Poe made his final realization that tied every one of his love driven short stories together and triumphantly proclaimed: I have no desire to live since I have done Eureka. I could accomplish nothing more (n. pag.). Kenneth Graham puts it best: For Poe, the most notable glimpse of eternity available to man is in the beauty of woman, always ephemeral, always melancholic†¦show more content†¦She is the one, his one true love. She is infinitely beautiful: the skin rivaling the purest ivory...I regarded the sweet mouth. Here was indeed the triumph of all things heavenly...the eyes...They were, I must believe, far larger than the ordinary eyes of our own race (Selected 27). She, however, dies of a debilitating disease and the narrator marries Lady Rowena. Rowena cannot compare with Ligeia, and Ligeias spirit comes back to poison the new wife. The narrator does little to stop this, and he and his wife kill Rowena. On the day of her death, Ligeias spirit enters the body of Rowena and the narrator is reunited with his lost love. The striking similarities to his own love life are well noted: Poe had experienced the ecstasies of extreme spiritual love (Lawrence 152). The narrator was so deeply in love with Lady Ligeia that he killed his new wife Rowena. He succumbs to a wanton act of murder, or spiritual replacement. Ligeia is the most famous of a series of love stories that Poe wrote, including Morella, Berenicà «, and Eleonora. Each story is of the same mold as Ligeia: the narrators beautiful young love falls ill and dies. In the case of Morella, she is reborn in the narrators daughter, an uncanny mirror image of her mother: For that her smile was like her mothers I could bear; but then I shuddered at its too perfect identity, that her eyes were like Morellas IShow MoreRelatedThe Tell-Tale Heart by Edger Allen Poe1361 Words   |  6 PagesEdger Allen Poe was born to traveling actors in Boston on January 19, 1809. Poe was the second of three children in his family. Three years of Poe’s birth both of his parents had died, and he was taken in by the wealthy tobacco merchant John Allan and his wife Frances Valentine Allan in Richmond, Virginia while Poe’s siblings went to live with other families (Life). He was a very talented writer at a young age. By the age of thirteen, Poe wrote enough poetry to publish a book, but his headmasterRead More Edgar Allan Poe: Life and Works Essay2848 Words   |  12 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Edgar Allan Poe was a literary genius of his time. His works may seem eccentric but beneath the words and stories lies a solemn, alone boy whose only way of comfort and relief was through his pen. Of the critical reviews I have studied pertaining to Poe, never has such a varied difference of opinions been presented or suggested towards a writer. It is thought that his life had a major influence on his writing and by reading many of his pieces I agree with that statement. Edgar Poe was bornRead MoreThe Man Of The Crowd And Ligeia By Edgar Allen Poe1726 Words   |  7 PagesIn Edgar Allen Poe’s, â€Å"The Man of the Crowd† and â€Å"Ligeia†, and Nathaniel Hawthorne’s, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† there is a constant presence of darkness throughout each text. The darkness displayed in these works allude to the ongoing theme of the ambiguity of sin. Both authors, Poe and Hawthorne, are considered to be Dark Romantics because they both center their works around the conflict between good and evil in every individual and showcase the dark side of human nature. In using elements from DarkRead MoreThe Raven: A Close Reading2241 Words   |  9 PagesRaven: A Close Reading The entire poem including the first stanza, as scanned here, is octametre with mostly trochaic feet and some iams. The use of a longer line enables the poem to be more of a narration of the evenings events. Also, it enables Poe to use internal rhymes as shown in bold. The internal rhyme occurs in the first and third lines of each stanza. As one reads the poem you begin to expect the next rhyme pushing you along. The external rhyme of the or sound in Lenore and nevermoreRead MoreThe Imp in Us All2024 Words   |  9 PagesThe Imp is taken to be a self destructive force present in all of us but with important difference in each person according to the power of will and morality. (Edwards 162) Those important differences both connect and individualize the works of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne. The Imp of the Perverse, The Tell Tale Heart, and William Wilson all demonstrate Poes fascination and exploration with inner conflict and torturer. These short stories deal with the same issue but present it inRead MoreAnalysing the Black Cat Using Labovs Narrative Structure5713 Words   |  23 Pages 1. produce a frequency chart according to the elements of Labov’s Narrative Structure 2. discuss the way Edgar Allen Poe structured his short story to form the elements of tragedy, mystery and terror as presented in the short story In completing the task, I will use Labov’s Narrative Theory to conduct narrative analysis of the short story, The Black Cat written by Edgar Allan Poe. The structure of this essay begins with the introduction to narrative and narrative analysis. The second partRead MoreBeloved By Tori Morrison : A Book Of Ghosts With Love, Compassion, And The Feeling Of Belonging2525 Words   |  11 Pages The idea that everyone needs love, compassion, and the feeling of belonging prescribes to everyone. Everyone needs a family. Even ghosts. In the stories, novels, and poems that we have discussed in class, the ghosts are attached to family or to a specific loved one. Michael Newton tells us that this is true for all ghost stories. In Beloved by Tori Morrison, Beloved comes back to be with her family and to make a connection with her family. In The Readjustment by Mary Austin Emma Jeffries had comeRead MoreAs Defined By Merriam-Webster, Insanity Is â€Å"A Severely1875 Words   |  8 Pages As defined by Merriam-Webster, insanity is â€Å"a severely disordered state of the mind usually occurring as a specific disorder†. The stories A Tell Tale Heart by Edgar Allen Poe and A Long Day’s Journey Into Night by Eugene O’Neill revolve around the development of their deeply flawed characters with severe mental instabilities. The damage done to the characters around them is matched only by the mental disturbance of each of the characters. The perversion of the character’s minds is so severe, thatRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1901 Words   |  8 PagesFitzgerald Stephen Hagenbuch Mr. Fields American Literature Period 2 May 18, 2015 F. Scott Fitzgerald Thesis: Although life for Fitzgerald was never easy in â€Å"The Lost Generation†, he continued to provide for himself and his family’s needs by writing novels such as The Great Gatsby. Author Biography Middle-class man This Side Of Paradise 1920 RIP December 21, 1940 Historical Background â€Å"Lost Generation† Jazz age Hollywood Years The Great Gatsby - A Novel Summary Jay Gatsby Tom BuchananRead MoreO Henry3034 Words   |  13 PagesAfter Mark Twain and Edgar Allen Poe, William Sydney Porter (known as O Henry) is the most read author in the world and bears the title of  « master of the short story  ». He has been called many things. Some people have called him the twentieth-century Balzak. Some have called him the American Maupassant because of his so well made surprising endings. The short story is the one fundamental and self-contained genre in American prose fiction, and the stories of O. Henry certainly made their appearance

ben Essay examples - 824 Words

Ben Franklin / Many disagree with this statement and would conclude that in reality as well as appearance Franklin was an ambitious man and intent on self-improvement. Franklin was indeed an opportunist, always looking for an opportunity to advance himself, but he was America’s first universal man. He was an individual who could do many things exceedingly well and has paved the way for many who aspire to succeed in life as he had. Benjamin Franklin’s â€Å"erratas† have come to help the youth of America’s past and present, and will continue to help the future youth of America. Benjamin Franklin was born into an impoverished family and was one of seventeen children. Therefore he had to accept any opportunity that was presented to him if he†¦show more content†¦Franklin took advantage of everything that came his way but was a modest man and used it to his benefit. While he was in Philadelphia working for Samuel Keimer, his work attracted the attention of the Governor, Sir William Keith. Governor Keith offered to set up the then 18 year old Franklin in business. He told Franklin to go to London to buy printing equipment and not to worry because there would be a letter of credit on the ship. When Franklin arrived in London, there was no letter of credit. Once again Franklin was alone, friendliness, and penniless in a strange city. But Franklin quickly found work with a printer. His only reasoning as to why the Governor did what he did was because it was a â€Å"habit he had acquired† (356). Instead of retaliating with the Governor, Franklin dis missed the situation and in turn benefited from more experience by working with a printer. When the time finally came for Franklin to go into business for himself he was sure to use the knowledge he had acquired. At the age of twenty-two and for the next twenty years or so, Benjamin Franklin worked 6 and sometimes 7 days a week. He not only worked hard but was also a shrewd businessman. He used to wheel paper through the streets in a wheelbarrow to show the customers that he tool pride in his work. Franklin believed that â€Å"truth, sincerity, and integrity were the utmost importance to the felicity of life†Show MoreRelatedBen and Jerrys1459 Words   |  6 PagesBen and Jerry s Premium Ice Cream Products Ben and Jerry s Ice Cream is a brand name company known worldwide. With superior marketing techniques Ben and Jerry s has positioned themselves to be the leader in manufacturing premium ice cream products. They have successfully targeted their market, and there by achieved a strong customer base. The mission statement of their product line is to make, distribute, and sell the finest quality all natural ice cream while incorporating wholesomeRead MoreBen Carson1647 Words   |  7 PagesThe Amazing Hands that keep on Giving By Denise Lewis English 1101 Ms. Crosson 8 September 2009 Outline Thesis: Ben Carson has accomplished many triumphs as a skilled surgeon, humanitarian and author. I. Ben Carson innovational surgeries: A. The intra-uterine procedure in is used to relieve pressure on the brain. B. He was the first to perform this procedure on a hydrocephalic fetal twin C. Today it is known as the Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt or VPRead MoreBen and Jerrys Essay959 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Ben Jerry’s – Japan† Assignment 2 1.   Which way would you recommend BJ enter Japan: with Mr. Yamada or with 7-11? Support your answer with rationale. Let’s see the advantages and disadvantages for Ben and Jerry’s to enter the Japanese market with Mr. Yamada or with 7-Eleven Japan; Entering Japanese market with Mr. Yamada: Advantages: * Ken Yamada was a third generation Japanese American from Hawaii, with his excellent marketing skills and knowledge of the Japanese market andRead MoreBen Jerry Essay810 Words   |  4 PagesBEN JERRY’S HOMEMADE 1. How has Ben Jerry’s fulfilled its mission statement? What evidence can you provide regarding Ben Jerry’s performance on each of the three dimensions of the mission statement? Ben Jerry were able to fulfill their mission statement with the finest quality all-natural ice cream, profitable business and by improving the community. Ben Jerry stated, they would make and distribute the finest quality all natural ice cream with a wide variety of innovative flavors, whichRead MoreBen Jerrys Swot3787 Words   |  16 PagesPresentation of Ben amp; Jerry’s: Ben amp; Jerry’s is a very famous ice-cream brand, founded in 1978 by Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield and is now a division of the British-Dutch Unilever conglomerate. Since it has been bought by Unilever in 2000, this brand dominates the ice-cream, frozen yogurt, sorbet market. This success can be explained by Ben amp; Jerry’s strategy, based on two major points: a strong distribution network (franchised shops, large-scale retailing, shops), and an efficientRead MoreBen and Jerry Case4491 Words   |  18 PagesBen Jerry’s – japan [pic] Case Study No. 1 Prepared for MARK 5815 International Marketing in Asia Due Thursday 1st September 2006 Ben Jerry’s - Japan 1. Situation Audit Company Overview Ben Jerry’s Homemade Inc. 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Next year, he killed a fellow actor and playwrightRead MoreThe Ben Carson Story 665 Words   |  3 PagesWhen people hear the name â€Å"Ben Carson† they think of the neurosurgeon, who separated the Siamese conjoined twins; Patrick and Benjamin Binder, at his adult age of 33. They will remember what a tough process it must’ve been on the parents, and especially on their mother, Theresa Binder after she’d searched throughout the medical world to find a team that would separate her twins while being able to preserve both of their lives. There were other surgeon teams who told her it could not be done and thatRead MoreBen And Jerry s Inc.1269 Words   |  6 PagesSection 1 The project I choose is Ben and Jerry s Inc. Ben and Jerry’s is a Vermont-based manufacturer of super-premium ice cream, frozen yogurt and sorbet, was founded in 1978 in a renovated gas station in Burlington, Vermont. 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British Monarchy free essay sample

1. British Monarchy: the function of the queen in modern society, the royal privileges and maps, the royal household, the chief beginnings of income, chief ceremonies connected with royalty, royal abodes, the perceptual experience of monarchy in society The Monarchy is called the dignified portion of the Fundamental lawas opposed to the efficient portion # 8211 ; the executive ( the Government ) . Under the British Constitution the Monarch remains the caput of province which efficaciously means that British people are non citizens but Her Majesty # 8217 ; s topics. The Royal Prerogatives # 8211 ; an action of the Government that gets its legitimacy from the Crown ( there are certain actions that the Government performs, they are finally approved by the Queen. ) It is a fiction because the Queen is advised on most of her actions by her Government. 1: to name the PM at the terminal of the election ( usually the leader of the party that has the bulk in the HC ) 2: to cite, prorogue ( # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1098 ; # 1103 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1074 ; ) and fade out the Parliament. 3: enact statute law ( # 1074 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; ) ; to give her Royal Assent to measures when they # 8217 ; ve been passed by both Houses. 4: declares war / makes peace 5: recognizes foreign provinces and authoritiess 6: concludes pacts 7: extensions / cedes districts 8: caput of judiciary = all the tribunals of the land are the Queen # 8217 ; s Courts # 8211 ; all the tests carried out in the Queen # 8217 ; s name ( Regina vs. Jones ) 9: Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces 10: temporal governor of the Church of England 11: makes formal assignments to the most of import offices of the province in the Armed Forces and churches 12: confers baronages, knighthoods and other honours 13: formal blessing to determinations of the Government is given at the meetings of the Privy Council 14: the Queen of 16 former settlements, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, represented by the governor. The Head of the Commonwealth ( 16 + some more other states ) Constitutional function of the Queen ( sovereign ) was foremost explicitly formulated by the 19 cent author and journalist Walter Bagehot ( the English Constitution 1867 ) . Celebrated ternary expression: the Queen has the right to be consulted, the right to promote and the right to warn. Every twenty-four hours surveies cabinet documents, foreign office paperss, receives a study of the parliamentary proceedings, on a regular basis sees the PM in audience, in changeless touch with foreign embassadors and the Commonwealth representatives. Important symbolic function: the integrity of the state, historical traditions and continuity. Defender of the Faith # 8211 ; merely Anglicans can win to the throne. Religious caput of province, the archbishop of Canterbury crowns the sovereign. 2 archbishops ( Canterbury and York ) and 24 bishops, deans of Cathedrals ( appointed by the Queen, advised by the PM ) . The Queen has ecclesiastic family # 8211 ; the College of Chaplains, the Chaplains and organists of the Chapels Royal at the Tower of London, St. James Palace and Hampton Court. The Royal Peculiars # 8211 ; non subjects to the legal power of archbishops, they are monarch # 8217 ; s. A figure of particular royal occasions, taking topographic point on a regular basis each twelvemonth: the province gap of the Parliament # 8211 ; October, November ( unless there has been general election ) . The Queen drives in a province passenger car from Buckingham castle to the castle of Westminster ( HL ) , reads her address from the throne, wears a Crown, address prepared by the governor. The Remembrance twenty-four hours # 8211 ; in November, service in the White Hall for the dead of the 2WW, lays a garland at the Cenotaph. June # 8211 ; goes to the Derby at Epsom, subsequently in June at Windsor for the Royal Ascot. Second Saturday of June # 8211 ; official birthday. The Trooping of he Colour, Horse Guards Parade, birth honours are given. In summer 3 garden parties are given in the evidences of Buckingham palace # 8211 ; all people # 8211 ; each attended by ~ 8,000 people of different walks of life ; tea, bars, brass set. The royal family # 8211 ; 350 courtiers, Private Secretary, ladies-in-waiting, the Mistress of the Robes, Ladies ( Gentlemen ) of the Bedchamber. The Finance. More than # 190 ; of the Queen # 8217 ; s disbursals is met by relevant authorities debts. # 163 ; 15,3mln # 8211 ; castles ( 3 functionary abodes # 8211 ; Buckingham castle in London, Holyrood castle in Edinburgh, Windsor palace ) . The Civil List # 8211 ; money provided by the Government and frequently by the Parliament, on a 10-year footing for the running of the Queen # 8217 ; s family. 2001-2011 # 8211 ; # 163 ; 7,9mln. Besides the Queen receives an income # 8211 ; the Duchy of Lancaster ( the Crown estate gt ; 19,000 hectares ) # 8211 ; one-year income # 163 ; 7,3mln before revenue enhancement. The Duke of Edinburgh ( hubby ) , kids ( Princess Royal Ann, Prince Andrew, Edward ) # 8211 ; receive rentes, but the Queen refunds all except the hubby, he # 8217 ; s the lone who receives purely. The Queen pays for her kids, they live at her disbursal. Prince Charles # 8211 ; the Heir to the Throne ; Duchy of Cornwall # 8211 ; income, in 2003 ~ # 163 ; 10mln ~ # 188 ; income revenue enhancement. The Queen offered to pay revenue enhancement on voluntary footing # 8211 ; decides how much to pay, on her private income, e.g. on portion of the Civil List used for private intents ( e.g. feast for friends ) . Others pay income revenue enhancement on regular footing like ordinary citizens. The Civil List is administrated by the alleged Keeper of the Privy Purse. Private Royal abodes. Sandringham ( East Anglia ) , Balmoral ( Scotland ) , Clarence House ( Queen Mother resided ) , St. James # 8217 ; s Palace ( Prince Charles, the minor royals ) , Kensington Palace ( Diana ) . Grace and favour flats, free of charge. The Royal Family. The Queen # 8217 ; s conserve # 8211 ; Philip the Duke of Edinburgh ( 1921 ) # 8211 ; celebrated for his epigrams. Princess Royal Ann, girl. The Prince of Wales ( 1948 ) , Heir to the Throne # 8211 ; Heir Apparent. Prince William ( 21 now ) # 8211 ; Heir Presumptive, Prince Henry ( 1984 ) . Prince Andrew ( 1960 ) # 8211 ; the Duke of York, Prince Edward ( 1964 ) # 8211 ; the Earl of Wessex. The perceptual experience of monarchy in society # 8211 ; it has its symbolic function, integrity, continuity, but immature people are far from it, the general attitude # 8211 ; non interested, attracts tourers. 2. The national symbols of Britain and its component parts ( the National flag, anthem, the national emblems, the Royal Beasts ) . The system of rubrics and honours The National Flag # 8211 ; the Union Jack. Combination of three crosses # 8211 ; St. George # 8217 ; s traverse # 8211 ; England, ruddy cross on a white land ; the cross of St. Andrew for Scotland # 8211 ; white diagonal cross on a bluish land ; the cross of St. Patrick for Ireland # 8211 ; ruddy diagonal on a white land. First introduced in 1606, had 2 crosses, brotherhood of England and Scotland ( James I ) , 1801 # 8211 ; St. Patrick added. National Emblems. Rise for England, thistle for Scotland, Narcissus pseudonarcissus ( leek ) for Wales, white clover ( wild oxalis, ruddy manus ) for Ireland. Crown, sceptre, blade of province, eyeball. Monogram ER # 8211 ; Elizabeth Royal. In the Centre of the emblem is situated a heraldic shield, divided into 4 parts. Left upper portion A ; right lower portion typify England ( 3 gold leopards on a ruddy land ) . Right upper portion # 8211 ; Scots emblem ( a ruddy king of beasts on a gold land ) . Left lower portion # 8211 ; Irish emblem ( xanthous harp on a bluish land ) . Around the shield # 8211 ; supporter. The shield is held by two Royal Beasts the Lion with the Crown in the left, the Unicorn in the right. Under them a bluish thread with words # 8220 ; Dieu et Monday droit # 8221 ; ( God A ; my right ) # 8211 ; Richard I. In the background # 8211 ; rose ( England ) , thistle ( Scotland ) , medic ( Ireland ) , leek ( Wales ) . The National Anthem # 8211 ; God Save the Queen ( King ) . Adopted after the War with Napoleon. The Royal Animals. The Lion of England, the Unicorn of Scotland, the Red Dragon of Wales, the Grey Hound of Richmond, the White Horse of Hanover, the Griffin of Edward III, the Falcon of the Plantagenet lines. The system of rubrics and honours. Twice a twelvemonth ( at the New Year and on the Queen # 8217 ; s official birthday # 8211 ; the Queen # 8217 ; s birthday honours ) # 8211 ; solemn ceremonial. 3000 honours are given yearly # 8211 ; the bulk the Order of the British Empire, most on PM # 8217 ; s advice, a few in the Queen # 8217 ; s personal gift. The Order of the Garter ( since Edward III 14th cent. ) # 8211 ; 24 people at one time, the Queen is a crowned head of the Order of the Garter, bluish thread, Prince Charles, + foreign, e.g. the King of Spain. The Order of the Thistle # 8211 ; 16 knights, green thread. The Order of Merit ( 1902 ) # 8211 ; 24 people. Royal Victorian Order ( 1896 ) # 8211 ; who have straight served the Royal Family. The Order of the Bath ( 1725 ) # 8211 ; ceremonial ablutions, red thread. The Order of the British Empire: 5 grades # 8211 ; member of the British Empire ( MBE ) , officer ( OBE ) , commanding officer ( CBE ) , knight commanding officer ( KBE ) or dame commanding officer ( DBE ) , knight/dame expansive cross ( GBE ) . Lists are made by members of the populace. Remain common mans, no particular privileges, rubrics are non familial. Highest honor # 8211 ; baronage, historically familial, and since 1959 life baronage. The 5 classs # 8211 ; Duke / Duchess ( Your Grace ) , Marquis / Marchioness ( My Lord ) , Earl / Countess ( # 8220 ; ) , Viscount / Viscountess, Baron / Baroness. Connected with individual # 8217 ; s business. On formal frocks # 8211 ; strawberry leaves, a coronet consisting of 8 strawberry foliages, 4 Ag falls and 4 strawberry foliages for a Marquis. Peers can disclaim their rubric, to acquire the right to sit in the HC # 8211 ; the rubric falls into suspension, means title delaies until this individual dies and his boy accepts it. The older boies of equals have courtesy rubric, one grade lower than their male parents # 8217 ; . Duke can strip his boy heritage, but no right to strip of the rubric. Elections in Britain Members of the House of Commons ( MPs ) are elected by electors of 651 parliamentary constituencies, into which Britain is divided, each with electorate of about 60,000 electors. Each individual over 18 has the right to vote, except captives, Godheads and the mentally sick. The vote is taken by a secret ballot. Each constituency is represented by one MP. The victor is the campaigner who gets more ballots than any other individual campaigner. The leader of the party with most seats normally becomes the PM and forms the Government, which can stay in power for up to five old ages. The 2nd biggest party becomes the official Opposition, and its leader forms the Shadow Cabinet. The PM chooses the day of the month of the following General Election. About a month before the election the PM meets a little group of close advisors to discourse the day of the month. Then the PM officially asks the Queen to fade out the Parliament # 8211 ; all MPs become unemployed, but authorities officers cont inue to map. . Voting takes topographic point on Polling Day ( normally a Thursday ) , the consequences are known by the following forenoon. The leader of the party that got the bulk is invited by the Queen to organize a authorities. The authorities is arranged in approximately 15 sections each with a curate as its caput. The PM chooses about 20 Mononuclear phagocyte systems from his or her party to go the Cabinet of Ministers. Members of the House of Lords are non elected. About 70 per cent of them are familial equals. The other 30 per cent are life equals, they are appointed by the Queen. The relative representation system # 8211 ; all political parties, little every bit good as big, are represented in the government organic structure harmonizing to the proportion of ballots they receive. Parties. 3 chief parties # 8211 ; the Labour ( Tony Blair ) , the Conservative ( Ian Duncan Smith ) , the Liberal-Democrats ( Charles Kennedy ) . Labour # 8211 ; ruddy coloring material, Conservative # 8211 ; bluish, Lib-Dem # 8211 ; orange. The party system since 17thcent. The House of the Godheads The chief map of the HL is to analyze and revise measures from the Commons. It besides acts as the concluding tribunal of entreaty. Bill send from the HC may be approved by the HL ( if fiscal automatically ) , they can amend the measure and direct it back to the HC, can non merely reject, can detain for 13 months, after this it becomes a jurisprudence ( # 8220 ; kill a measure # 8221 ; ) , but the measure is no longer relevant. Chamber: throne in the centre with a canopy and a woolsack ( beginning of Britain # 8217 ; s prosperity ) where the Lord Chancellor sits ( talker of the HL ) . Governmental side # 8211 ; right of the talker, resistance # 8211 ; left. Benches # 8211 ; ruddy leather, green line separates authorities and resistance ( for contrast ) + transverse benches. The talker takes portion in arguments and ballots. If the talker decides to turn to as an ordinary # 8211 ; leaves the woolsack. The House of Commons Current rank: Labor 409 ( a # 8220 ; comfy # 8221 ; bulk ) , Conservatives 163, Lib-Dem 53, entire 659 ( + some smaller parties ) . Presided over by a talker, has the right to keep the order, elected at the beginning of each parliament session or when the old retires or dies ; doesn # 8217 ; t talk in arguments, doesn # 8217 ; t ballot, calls members to talk, puts the inquiry ( to vote ) . The Chamberhas the same agreement # 8211 ; talker # 8217 ; s chair ( alternatively of the throne and the woolsack ) . Shadow Cabinet of the Opposition has the right to lucubrate alternate policies.Frontbenchers, backbenchers, crossbenchers, the visitants # 8217 ; gallery. The benches are green. Stress 2-party system. The procedure of arguments is adversarial. The chief mapis to do Torahs by go throughing Acts of Parliament, every bit good as to discourse current political issues. Parliamentary process. Each session begins with the State Opening of the Parliament, if a portion has the bulk, the Queen reads the address. A argument, a ballot is taken. If no clear bulk # 8211 ; hung parliament, unsafe state of affairs, can take to a parliament crisis. Most of the twelvemonth # 8211 ; particular modus operandi. Proceedings are public, televised, imperativeness admitted, so print the proceedings on the undermentioned twenty-four hours in Hansard ( it was the first adult male who published ) . Business, order of concern, parliamentary concern ; inquiry clip # 8211 ; 1 hr, MPs ask Ministers and other MPs inquiries, prepared 48 hours, by resistance # 8211 ; to uncover the failing in the Government. The chief argument: measures are introduced by the Government, Ministers largely. The measure is introduced in a signifier of a gesture, any Minister can travel something ; the inquiry is unfastened to debate. At the terminal of the argument the Speaker asks MPs if they accept a gesture, sometimes the affair is decides on the topographic point. Approved by a bulk, rare # 8211 ; a division is called: aye/no anterooms # 8211 ; ballot by walking, a bell is rung, appoint Tellers stay on a/n anterooms, each MP walk to the anteroom and they are counted ; hold really small clip. The measure goes through some phases: foremost reading # 8211 ; debated in item, when is complicated, the House goes into commission, particular commission remains ( e.g. the Committee of Defense ) , others leave. 3rdclip # 8211 ; passed or rejected, if passed # 8211 ; gt ; the HL # 8211 ; gt ; the Queen for the Royal Assent # 8211 ; gt ; jurisprudence. Bills are drafted by audience with professional organic structures. Sometimes the proposals take the signifier of white paper ( provinces that the Government wants to cognize the attitude of public ) ; if wants public treatment # 8211 ; green paper. The standing commissions. Guillotine gesture ( foremost introduced by Thatcher ) # 8211 ; cuts down argument, repair the clip is allocated. Every party has the party whips # 8211 ; like party police officer, press the members to vote for the Government, all party members vote for. They don # 8217 ; t play hooky player, if don # 8217 ; t come # 8211 ; decrease of the wage. The Government and Cabinet 10, Downing Street # 8211 ; PM and the Cabinet. The White Hall # 8211 ; Her Majesty # 8217 ; s Government, governs in the name of the Queen. The Queen invites the leader of the party that has the bulk to organize a authorities. The Ministers are about ever the members of the Commons, besides a few # 8211 ; Lords. It is based on a tradition, because in the Commons the Government is expected to explicate its policies. In 19thcentury some Governments included members of different parties. The chief curates and sections. ~100 Ministers, the cardinal nucleus is the Cabinet ~20 senior Curates invited by the PM, they are called the Secretaries of State. Minister # 8211 ; a junior member of the Cabinet. Lord Chancellor, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs ( Foreign Secretary ) # 8211 ; Jack Straw ; Chancellor of the Exchequer ( Minister of Finance ) # 8211 ; Gordon Brown ; Home Secretary ( Home Department ) ; Secretary for Defense, for Culture, Media and Sport, Education and Employment, Social Security, for Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland. The chief rules: 1 corporate duty ( as if they were one individual ) even if persons do non hold. If a Minister has done something incorrect, his co-workers have to disinherit him/her, will hold to vacate. 2 PM foremost among peers. In theory the 2ndis supposed to promote balance and freedom for single curates, in pattern it can give rise to tenseness. Insure leading, let for each curate some duty and freedom in their field. Cabinet meetings are held in private, 1-2 a hebdomad, while the Parliament is sitting, or, less frequently, during parliamentary deferral. The proceedings are confidential, secretaries take a particular curse non to unwrap. Because of the great sum of concern, Secretaries have junior Curates working under them # 8211 ; Curates of State ( Undersecretaries ) . Civil Service # 8211 ; a political organic structure which administers the determinations of the Ministers. Employed ~600,000 civil retainers, expected to be politically impartial, serves any authorities, every bit loyal to whatever party is in office ; if they want to stand for the Parliament they have to vacate foremost. Centre # 8211 ; the Cabinet Office, responsibilities # 8211 ; considerable, including the proper running of the whole Civil Service. The Local Government 1995-1998 # 8211 ; the system was reformed. Types. 45 Unitary governments, largely around the large metropoliss. Now the system of local authorities has one-tier governments, merely unitary. 2-tier governments: county councils ( council member ) , subdivided into territory / borough councils ( city managers ) . In England # 8211 ; 45 u. c. , 34 c. c. and 238 d. / b. c. Local elections # 8211 ; for 4 old ages, council members elect yearly, function on voluntary footing ; the council doesn # 8217 ; Ts have executive powers, no decision maker # 8211 ; fundamentally self-regulating. The Queen # 8217 ; s represented by Lord Lieutenant of the county, attends on the Queen when she comes to the county, gives honours and grants on behalf of the Crown. Functions. Responsible for instruction, the care of the chief roads, societal services, public assistance, libraries, fire service, garbage disposal. District councils: lodging, urban roads, auto Parkss, garbage aggregation, diversion, graveyards, environmental wellness. Unitary councils # 8211 ; unite all these maps. Parish councils # 8211 ; in rural. Beginnings of funding. 1 the council revenue enhancement # 8211 ; on the owner-occupier or renter of a home which is their exclusive or chief abode. Calculate: depending on rating of the market monetary value of the home. Standard Band D, divide homes into groups. 2 non-domestic rate # 8211 ; on other sorts of belongings ; 3 authorities grants ; 4 income from fees and charges for services. London. 32 borough councils. The London city manager # 8211 ; Ken Livingston. Greater London authorization ( GLA ) covers the country of 32 boroughs and the City of London. The Corporation of London: the Lord-Mayor # 8211 ; nominated yearly by the City Guilds, 24 Aldermen, 130 council members. Cymrus. Merely unitary governments ( 22 ) . Besides # 8211 ; degeneration # 8211 ; the National Assembly for Wales in Cardiff for 4 old ages, 60 members and presiding officer. Can present secondary statute law, on the footing of Acts of the Apostless passed by the Parliament in Westminster, can non raise or lower income revenue enhancement. The Welsh Cabinet # 8211 ; 1stSecretary, secretaries for minor affairs ( ~ economic development, instruction, wellness, etc. ) . Have step of independency presents. Scotland. 29 unitary governments, for 3 old ages, elected. + 3 island councils. Have greater independency than Wales. The Scots Parliament, in Edinburgh, since 1999, 128 members. Has the right to present primary statute law and raise / lower income revenue enhancement by up to 3p in the lb. The Scottish Executive # 8211 ; the authorities, for instruction, wellness, jurisprudence and order, headed by the 1stMinister. Own notes # 8211 ; Scots lb. Northern Ireland: 26 territory councils elected for 4 old ages. The system of jurisprudence and order The Fundamental lawis non codified in any formal papers. The legislative subdivision # 8211 ; the HL, the HC, the Queen ; the Cabinet and the PM # 8211 ; executive ; they are combined by the Queen. In fact the Parliament is controlled by the executive, as all the measures pass to the Parliament by the bulk party, besides it is in the Parliament. Judicial system is represented by Courts, the HL is the chief 1. So there is practically no separation of powers. The bulk party has the existent power in the state. There is no constitutional tribunal, the system provides for no cheques and balances. The legal system of England and Wales are separated of these of Scotland and Northern Ireland. The system of tribunals. Supreme authorization # 8211 ; the HL ( supreme tribunals ) . The Ultimate Court of Appeal # 8211 ; Law Lords. Under the HL # 8211 ; Supreme Court of Judicature ( instead abstract, no individual organic structure ) , including the Court of Appeal, the High Court of Justice ( responsible for civil instances ) , the Crown Court ( for condemnable instances ) . The High Court of Justice: 3 divisions # 8211 ; the Chancery Division ( fiscal affairs: bankruptcy, reading of minutess and volitions ) , the Queen # 8217 ; s Bench Division ( for commercial jurisprudence: breach of contracts, serious personal hurt ) , the Family Division ( acceptance, divorce, etc. ) . Claimant/plaintiff lt ; # 8211 ; gt ; suspect. Civil instances: most are minor, settled in Small Claims Court ( affecting amount of money lt ; # 163 ; 5,000 ) , by a territory justice, if he decides that you are right can present costs and normally compensation / amendss. The more serious affair ( e.g. auto ) # 8211 ; to the County tribunal ( circuit justice # 8211 ; travels to the topographic point ) . You # 8217 ; d be represented by a canvasser or a barrister, if the instance is serious ( e.g. route accident and person was severely injured ) . If you are disgruntled # 8211 ; to the Court of Appeal ( Civil Division ) . Condemnable instances: Crown Prosecution Service, headed by the Director of Public Prosecutions, works under the counsel of the Attorney-General. Crown Prosecution Service sends barristers andcanvassers. 3 types of offenses: 1 ) sum-up offenses ( 95 % ) # 8211 ; e.g. motoring offenses, dealt with in Magistrates # 8217 ; tribunals ( Justice of the Peace ) # 8211 ; 3 people, ordinary citizens, chosen by the community, appointed by the Lord Chancellor on recommendations by local groups ; unpaid, non professional attorneies ( put magistrates ) , without any jury # 8211 ; so advised on points of jurisprudence and process by a particular lawfully qualified clerk. Magistrates # 8217 ; tribunal can condemn to less than 6 month imprisonment or a all right of less than # 163 ; 5,000, if more serious # 8211 ; direct to the Crown Court. 2 ) Offense triable either manner ( e.g. auto larceny ) # 8211 ; pick belongs to the suspect, decides either should be heard by ballad magistrates or the Crown Court. 3 ) Chargeable offenses ( e.g. robbery, at the point of the gun or knife ) # 8211 ; merely in the Crown Court, presided by High Court Judges ( full-time circuit Judgess ) with a jury of 12 people ( jurymans ) . Crown Courts besides hear the instances from Magistrates. If dissatisfied # 8211 ; to the Court of Appeal ( the Criminal Division ) . Verdict is reached by the jury, after they have heard. Jury # 8211 ; local people ( constitutional responsibility ) . The justice sits in the tribunal room, makes certain that the test is decently conducted. Counsel for prosecution, for Defense. The justice ~ ushers, helps the jury to make the finding of fact. Person is presumed to be guiltless unless the prosecution can turn out guilt above all sensible uncertainty. Convicted, acquitted, recessed. Offenses: slaying, manslaughter, colza, assault, assault and battery, incendiarism, robbery, burglary, larceny, mugging, shrinkage, snatch, peculation, graft, counterfeit, bearing false witness, slander, libel, blackmail, maltreatment of power/confidence, disorderly behavior, hurrying. Punishment: mulct, imprisonment, community service, probation ( study to a particular probation officer ) , remand in detention, remand on bond, to allow, deny bond, release on word ; decease punishment abolished in 1969. The age of condemnable duty 10 old ages. For kids # 8211 ; Juvenile Court ( youth tribunal ) , 15 old ages peak age: let to populate within the household, under particular supervising, take into local authorization attention ( in a community place ) , attend particular school, live with surrogate parents, community service. Lawyers. Solicitors # 8211 ; the lower class, may cover with public, barristers # 8211 ; can non near public. A individual # 8211 ; gt ; canvasser # 8211 ; gt ; barrister # 8211 ; speaks in tribunal. Solicitor speaks in the Magistrates # 8217 ; Courts. Law society # 8211 ; for canvassers, the Bar # 8211 ; for barristers. Queen # 8217 ; s Counsels ( QC ) # 8211 ; in of import instances. No particular preparation for Judgess, Lord Chancellor decides who is to be a justice, chooses barristers. 9. The category system of modern Britain: the enlargement of the in-between category, category mobility, the upper categories, the outgrowth of a new lower class, the chief causes of this, the British impression of professional categories, the perceptual experience of category system and category struggle in modern society 1990 # 8217 ; s: upper category 1 % , upper middle 3 % , in-between 16 % , lower in-between 25 % , skilled working 25 % , unskilled working 17 % , underclass 13 % . A market characteristic of last 3 decennaries of 20thcentury # 8211 ; major enlargement of the in-between category. In 1900 75 % of manual workers, in 1991 # 8211 ; 36 % . 2mln occupations created in the professional and managerial Fieldss, works became more skilled and the service sector grew well ; mean income grew, so today much of the working category population can afford a in-between category life manner. Thatcher made 2/3 of population house-owners by selling council houses for give-away monetary values, overpowering bulk have a bank history or a edifice society history ; share-holders due to the denationalization of province companies in 1980 # 8217 ; s. Traditionally working at a works was considered on the job category, but basically in-between category # 8211 ; a batch of mobility between center, lower cen ter and working categories. Least mobility in upper category, in lower class # 8211 ; another consequence of Thatcher # 8217 ; s policies ( abolished full-employment ) . 1 % ain # 188 ; of the state # 8217 ; s wealth ; heritage, spread around the household to minimise the consequence of revenue enhancement. Young people # 8211 ; professionals, like civil retainers, attorneies, armed forced # 8211 ; during Thatcher # 8217 ; s period, a batch of them moved from the public service to the private sector, because of wages. In 1964 people were asked if there was category battle # 8211 ; 48 % # 8220 ; yes # 8221 ; , in 1995 # 8211 ; 81 % . 10. Historic state houses as portion of British national heritage: the development of attitudes from the mid-19th century to the present twenty-four hours. The function of the chief blue households, the National Trust and the authorities in the saving of the state houses Until early 19thcentury # 8211 ; private houses of the nobility. Their function as national heritage began so. The Victorian thought # 8211 ; Tudor and Jacobean houses, contrasted to the 18the century houses which considered not-English, cosmopolite. A author Nash published a book about them, everybody could see. Started going a batch, one of the most popular interests, + railways ( 1825 ) , all categories excepting working categories. Few proprietors needed fiscal part, so no fee ( merely in 3-4 houses ) . In 2ndhalf of the 19thcentury # 8211 ; alteration, friendly attitude broken, general populace began to be called anti-intellectuals ( commercialism, urbanisation, amenitiess ) . Middle category # 8211 ; widely distributed resorts ( Nice, Biarritz # 8211 ; tone was set by Edward, Victoria # 8217 ; s boy ) . In European states # 8211 ; opposite. In Jan 1895 # 8211 ; a charitable trust was set up, the National Trust ( 1stpresident # 8211 ; Duke of Westminster ) . Accepted gifts from people who cared, bought houses by public subscription, rank fees. Bought merely ~60 houses. The 2nd group of people # 8211 ; proprietors themselves # 8211 ; savages. Didn # 8217 ; t want to keep. Deep agribusiness depression, monetary values of land fell, grain monetary values fell, = gt ; economic and political power suffered terrible blows, land and money more of import than houses and contents, big houses were really expensive to keep # 8211 ; found purchasers, or redecorated, destructing his torical characteristics. In 1894 # 8211 ; decease responsibility introduced, this ruined many blue households. The 3rd group # 8211 ; little, about fringy # 8211 ; aesthetes, criticized anti-intellectuals and savages. Between the WW # 8211 ; public rating continued to deteriorate, sing stopped, closed, abandoned or demolished. Urbanization of the state # 8211 ; landholders began to sell land ( decease responsibility # 8211 ; 50 % ) , ~ 1/5 of landholders fell out of the category. While they could sell lands, cipher needed houses, they could be bough # 8220 ; for a vocal # 8221 ; . Lots demolished, tonss sold to assorted establishments, like public schools, colleges, young person inns. After WWII # 8211 ; alteration, trade with the authorities ( schools, or shop houses for national art aggregations ) ; if non # 8211 ; to suit military personnels. Besides # 8211 ; one time is taken # 8211 ; no decease responsibility. Everybody felt there was no hereafter for the state houses life, tonss demolished, sold, needed for schools, infirmaries. Late 50 # 8217 ; s-60 # 8217 ; s period of turning land monetary values, many landholders became multimillionaires. Then a group was formed # 8220 ; heritage in danger # 8221 ; . Tax freedom for of import plants of art, edifices, stretches of land. Owners were allowed to set their belongings in â€Å"maintenance funds† – controlled by the household, but treated as public organic structures. Apply for care grants – historic edifice council. Nowadays # 8211 ; 1: in private owned houses # 8211 ; HHA ( historic houses association ) , in best status. 2: owned by the National Trust ( rank fee, but sing free ) . 3: owned by the Government, 1984 English heritage set up, organisation funded by the Government, shells # 8211 ; nil indoors, or ruins. There is Secretary in the Cabinet for English Heritage. Besides purchasing # 8211 ; grants export licence to take it out of the state, administers Historic Buildings Council grants. 4: institutional usage, e.g. Warwick Castle # 8211 ; Mme Tussaud # 8217 ; s. British History 1. Name the encroachers who came to the British Isles before the Norman Conquest. The Celts ( 700 BC ) , the Romans ( 55, 54 BC Caesar ; 44, 77 AD Agricola ) , the Scotts from Ireland, the Picts from far north, the Anglo-Saxons ( 6thcentury ) , the Vikings ( Danes, Norwegians, Swedes ) 2. Who were the Druids? The ancient Gaelic priests and instructors, spiritual leaders, before Christianity. 3. What is Hadrian s Wall? A rock wall which the Roman Emperor Hadrian ordered to be built across the North of England in 122 Ad from the E seashore to the West, in order to support Roman Britain from onslaught by northern folks. Every 15 stat mis # 8211 ; garrison. In Northumberland. 4. What do the words Danelaw and Danegeld base for? Area conquered by the Danes, money ( ransom ) paid to the encroachers. 5. What do you cognize about the conflict of Hastings? 14 Oct 1066, the Norman King William the Conqueror defeated the ground forces of the English King Harold. 6. Trace the history of spiritual on the British Isles up to the concluding transition to Christianity. Druids, pagan religion, # 8211 ; gt ; pagan Romans, eradicated Druids, # 8211 ; gt ; 391 Theodosius ordered the closing of all heathen temples, # 8211 ; gt ; 597 Pope Gregory sent mission to change over Anglo-Saxons, St. Augustine # 8211 ; missional ; monasteries, churches, by 8thcentury Christianized. 7. What changes did the Romans bring to Britain? Introduction of towns, baths in each, aqueducts, drainage, sewerage, walls against invasions, armed cantonments, Villas, introduces some veggies and fruits. 8. When was England portion of a Norse Empire? The Angevin Empire? 11thcent. 1154 terminal of the 14thcentury. 9. Remark on the beginning of names like Gloucester, Worcester, Essex, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday. Gloucester, Worcester # 8211 ; # 8220 ; castra # 8221 ; intending the armed cantonment ( lat. ) , Essex # 8211 ; east Saxons, Thursday # 8211 ; Vikings # 8217 ; strongest God of boom Thor, Friday # 8211 ; Freya # 8217 ; s twenty-four hours. 10. Which languages of Britain are of Celtic beginning? Gaelic, Erse ( Scots and Irish ) , Welsh, Irish. 11. What historical significance does the Bayeux Tapestry hold? A tapestry ( big piece of heavy woven cloth ) 70m long, made in Bayeux ( France ) in 11th-12thcenturies, whose images tell the narrative of the Norman Conquest. 12. When was Westminster Abbey built? Rebuilt? 11thcentury, 13thcentury. 13. In what papers is the narrative of the Viking invasion told? The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 14. What is Witenagemot? The council of the aristocracy and top clergy in 10thcentury. 15. What was the capital of Anglo-Saxon and early Norman England? Winchester. 16. How was the royal family expected to be financed in the medieval times? When did this pattern terminal? The male monarch was believed to be the richest landholder, expected to populate off his ain. Then system of revenue enhancement # 8211 ; the knights were encouraged to remain in their manors and better, pay revenue enhancements, instead than function the male monarch at the tribunal. Ended when the Civil List was introduced, money was given by the Parliament. 17. When was test by jury introduced? How did it work? 12thcentury, jurymans were the informants themselves. Cipher could be convicted unless jurymans swore that there was the instance against person. 18. In what war was the conflict of Crecy fought? What was its consequence? The Hundred Years War. 1356. Prince of Wales ( Black Prince ) defeated the Gallic. 19. What papers was signed at Runneymede? In what twelvemonth? What were its commissariats? Magna Charta, 1215. ~ 1stEnglish fundamental law, lay down the foundation of the authorities, 60 articles. Most of import # 8211 ; no free adult male was to be arrested, imprisoned except by the jurisprudence of land ( given of artlessness ) ; no revenue enhancement should be introduced without the blessing of thee Council. Privileges to boroughs # 8211 ; charted town, guaranteed freedom of metropoliss. 20. What are the campaigns? 8 wars led by Christian European male monarchs in the 11th, 12thand 13thcenturies to acquire control of Palestine from the Muslims, since both sides believed that Palestine was a holy land in their faith. 21. How and when did Parliament emerge in England? 13thcentury # 8211 ; 1265. Great councils more and more frequently, representatives from shires, towns came to meetings. In 1350 divided into HL and HC. 22. How was the feudal system organized under William the Conqueror? Brought 170 tenants-in-chief, 5,000 knights. The honor ( land ) # 8211 ; to tenants-in-chief, manors # 8211 ; to knights. Governing category # 8211 ; renters, knights ( aristocracy category ) , bishops ( appointed by the King ) . William gave orders to renters, they to knights. Common people belonged to the knights. 23. Why did the Hundred Years War start? How did it stop? 1337-1453. Attempt to repossess the Angevin Empire, tried to maintain control of lands in France. The Gallic won and forced the English to go forth France. 24. What is the Domesday Book? The record of all the lands in England, demoing their size, value, ownership, etc. , made in 1086 on the orders of William the Conqueror. 25. What do you cognize about Thomas Becket? The Archbishop of Canterbury, who was killed by Henry II # 8217 ; s soldiers ( 1170 ) in Canterbury Cathedral ( # 8220 ; Who will free me of this turbulent priest? # 8221 ; ) . Becket was his friend. He was appointed Lord Chancellor, so became the Archbishop and began to claim estates from the baronial people as being Church belongings. Then he declared that no power, but himself should name a priest to any church in England. Henry II tried to cut down the power of the Church. They quarreled, so Becket resigned and changed life styles to humbleness and self-denial, went to France for 6 old ages. 26. What are the royal regalia? Ceremonial apparels and ornaments. Crown, sceptre, eyeball, + blade of province. 27. Who is Wolsey? An English Cardinal, and politician who was rich and powerful, but lost power after neglecting to carry the Pope to let Henry VIII to disassociate Catherine of Aragon. Accused of high lese majesty, died merely in clip. 28. When and how were the feudal system and the power of the mediaeval aristocracy broken? 15thcentury. Continuous contending among the baronial people, the Wars of the Roses ( civil war ) , physically wiped out, and common people stayed off from contending. Battle of Bosworth, 1485 # 8211 ; terminal of mediaeval England. 29. What character in English history was called the King-maker? Why? During the Wars of the Roses, Earl of Warwick, decided to interfere, and Edward IV became the male monarch with his aid. 30. What do you cognize about Thomas More? An English politician and author, he was the King # 8217 ; s advisor, Lord Chancellor, but when he opposed the King # 8217 ; s divorce and refused to accept him as the caput of the Church of England, was put in prison and beheaded. 31. Name the chief Tudor male monarchs. What was the success of the Tudor regulation based on? Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, Elizabeth I. Absolute monarchy, set manners in every field of public life, felt public sentiment, gave rise to a new elite # 8211 ; the aristocracy, trade flourished, avoided expensive wars. 32. How did the Church of England emerge? In 1527 Henry VIII wanted to remarry ( Catherine of Aragon # 8211 ; gt ; Anne Boleyn ) , the Pope didn # 8217 ; t admit his divorce ( was influenced by the Spanish male monarch, Catherine # 8217 ; s nephew ) , in 1533 broke off with Vatican, announced himself a supreme caput of the Church of England. 33. Who is Thomas Cranmer? What is he best remembered for? The Archbishop of Canterbury, foremost after the creative activity of C of E, one of the leaders of Reformation. Granted the King his divorce. 34. The causes, two chief periods and the consequences of the Wars of the Roses. Dynastic crisis, Plantagenets perished, the competition between House of Lancasters and House of Yorks led to the civil war ( 1455-1485 ) . The Battle of St. Albans ( 1455 ) # 8211 ; Richard of York ( won ) versus Henry VI. Queen Margaret ( 1960 ) # 8211 ; Lancaster. Edward IV ( York ) . Richard III. 1485 Henry VII Tudor. The Battle of Bosworth. End of mediaeval England, rise of new elite, Tudors came to the throne. 35. Who is William Cecil? Elizabeth # 8217 ; s advisor, secretary. She had a good endowment in taking advisors in opinion. Cecils were common mans, but she made him Lord Burleigh. 36. What do you cognize about the disintegration of monasteries? Its societal effects. In the beginning of 1530s in England were approximately 800 Catholic monasteries. 1536-1540 all the monasteries were closed, the lands and properties passed to the male monarch # 8217 ; s exchequer. Then the male monarch sold the lands to gentry, it created a immense landowning category, which had political influence until the 19thcentury. 37. How did the inside of and service in the English church alteration as a consequence of the constitution of the Church of England? 1549 # 8211 ; Book of Common Prayer, retained much of Catholic pattern, including mass. More extremist ( 1552 ) # 8211 ; Catholic mass disappeared, introduced punishment. 1559 # 8211 ; Act of Uniformity. Service of the Holly Communion replaced the mass, Morning Prayer said in English, Psalm vocalizing, vicar delivered discourse from the dais. Before appealed to the oculus, now to the ear. Appearance of churches changed # 8211 ; interior about bare, Royal Arms alternatively of the image of Jesus Christ, relics, communion table, pix gone, walls whitewashed, no pictures, reverends wore surplice. Abolition of church music. 38. What character in English history is called Bloody Mary ? Why? Mary, girl of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Wanted to change over the state to Catholicism. Lots of executing ( Thomas Cranmer ) , reign was about a catastrophe, unsuccessful war with France. 39. In what papers is the philosophy of the Anglican Church contained? When was the concluding version of it adopted? How did the philosophy develop from Henry VIII to Elizabeth? 42 Articles of Faith 1552 by Cranmer. In 1562 # 8211 ; modified to 39, and in 1571 was imposed by the Parliament as the philosophy of C of E # 8211 ; till presents. More extremist but proved to be the aureate mean, meant different for different people. 40. What does Elizabethan religious colony imply? Protestants wanted to travel farther, to Calvinism, Catholics to continue Catholicism. She was a Protestant, but non spiritual, didn # 8217 ; t care much ; motivated by political grounds had to come back to the C of E. In 1559 # 8211 ; Act of Supremacy ( eventually abolished foreign intervention in English ecclesiastical personal businesss ) . Act of Uniformity ( 1559 ) . She wanted moderate Protestantism, but bulk wanted more extremist signifier. Under force per unit area in 1552 issued the 2ndPrayer Book, which was more extremist than she wanted. 41. Elizabeth versus Mary Stuart. Mary was the Queen of Scotland ( Elizabeth # 8217 ; s cousin ) . She has been married to the Dauphin, the inheritor of the Gallic male monarch. As the Roman Church neer recognized the matrimony ( Henry VIII A ; Anne Boleyn ) , she claimed the English Crown. Mary was accused of slaying of her 2nd hubby and was imprisoned, signed her stepping down, so managed to get away to England. Elizabeth didn # 8217 ; t want Mary to be executed. Mary spent in prison 19 old ages, so executed for high lese majesty. 42. Elizabethan foreign policies and their consequence on the exchequer. England was non a great power, European states dominated. England in secret did injury to them ( pirates # 8211 ; got a batch of money to the exchequer, so she didn # 8217 ; t penalize them ) , and aided the Netherlands against Spain. Philip II, the Spanish King and # 8220 ; bloody # 8221 ; Mary # 8217 ; s hubby, besides back uping Mary Stuart # 8211 ; conflicted with Elizabeth. Sent fleet to get the better of England, but England won the Invincible Armada and became the Mistress of the Seas. Financial jobs, Elizabeth considered to be really miserly. 43. The chief causes of the struggle between King and Parliament in the mid-17th century. 2 chief jobs when Stuarts replaced Tudors # 8211 ; spiritual and fiscal. Lack of money in the exchequer, the Parliament refused to present any ordinary revenue enhancement. James I got rid of the Parliament. Besides James stated that Puritanism in his state couldn # 8217 ; t be tolerated. 44. In what war was the conflict of Naseby fought? 14th June 1645. The First Civil War. The first licking of monarchists. 45. Name the Stuart male monarchs and Queenss. James I, Charles I. After Restoration Charles II, James II, Mary II, William III, Queen Anne. 46. What do you cognize about Guy Fawkes? The Gunpowder Plot. 5th November 1605. He wanted to blow up the Parliament, when the King, the Lords and the Commons should be at that place. The Plot was disclosed, Fawkes imprisoned, found guilty, executed. 47. What event is normally referred to as Regicide? How popular and lawful was it? The executing of Charles I. Peoples considered this to be a atrocious event because they believed him to be lord-anointed. He was convicted non by the tribunal of jurisprudence but by a legislative assembly. 48. Under what fortunes was it possible for English male monarchs to govern without Parliament? What kings did it? When was this eventually stopped? James I got rid of the Parliament. Charles I besides. When Charles I had to cite the Parliament because he needed money severely ( Scotts invaded the state and demanded money, to forestall from active war ) # 8211 ; summoned the Long Parliament. It started go throughing Torahs # 8211 ; no disintegration of the Parliament without its consent, no type of revenue enhancement without its consent, king able to cite the Parliament when wanted, but at least in 3 old ages. 49. What events took topographic point in England between 1642 and 1649? In 1642 the King went to the North to piece the ground forces to contend with the Parliament. Cipher wanted the war but the opportunity for via media was lost, Charles refused to get rid of the royal privileges, so the war was inevitable. The Parliament created the # 8220 ; New Model Army # 8221 ; which defeated the Royal Army. Charles was captured but fled to the Isle of Wight, so arrested, set on test, executed ( 1649 ) . 50. What period is called the Personal Rule? How did it stop? 1629-1640, Charles I, had jobs with money, wanted to avoid wars, to raise money by royal privileges, granted new monopolies, remembered old revenue enhancements, conflicted with the Parliament and eventually he didn # 8217 ; t summon. Peace with France and Spain, commercial prosperity. Ended with 2 civil wars and executing. 51. Who are Cavaliers and Roundheads? Cavaliers were the people, largely aristocracy, who supported the King during the English Civil War. Roundheads, largely puritans, aristocracy, # 8211 ; supported the Parliament. 52. What do you cognize about Inigo Jones? A British designer, who was the spouse of Charles I ( who was the frequenter of humanistic disciplines ) . Designed many of import edifices, clairvoyance. in London. He was the first individual to present the Italian Palladian manner. Besides designed scenery for the theater. 53. Why are the events of 1642 1649 sometimes referred to as the Puritan revolution? What were its consequences? Because the Parliament consisted chiefly of Puritans. They criticized the C of E, were persecuted for this, they wanted to acquire rid of all remains of Catholicism. Results # 8211 ; extreme Puritans did off with the C of E and set new political system, the Republic. 54. What period in English history do we name the Protectorate? The period after Oliver Cromwell dissolved the Parliament and proclaimed the Protectorate, presuming the rubric of Lord-Protector. 5 old ages ( 1653-1658 ) . Then his boy Richard, boulder clay 1659. 55. When and between what states was the War for the Spanish Succession fought? What were its consequences? In 1701-1713, England ( + Holland ) , France and Spain # 8211 ; for the Spanish throne after the Spanish King # 8217 ; decease. England won, got Minorca, Gibraltar, Newfoundland. Gallic enlargement stopped. 56. Why are the events of 1689 called either the Glorious or the Unexpected revolution? What were the effects? James II conflicted with the Parliament, the 2 parties decided to take James and ask for his girl with her hubby William of Orange. James fled to France, people didn # 8217 ; t object. No blood, no resistance, no conflicts. Absolutism in England came to its terminal, England became limited monarchy. 57. What does the term Restoration base for? No parliament, no stableness, and at last the monarchists invited Charles II ( Charles I # 8217 ; s boy ) to go the King in 1660. 58. What function did the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough drama in English history? John Churchill for his triumphs in the War for the Spanish Succession ( the conflict of Blenheim ) got the rubric of Duke of Marlborough, was granted the land. His married woman Sarah Jennings was the Queen # 8217 ; s front-runner. 59. Who are the Dissenters? Members of one of the Protestant groups that separated from the C of E, refused to accept the philosophy of the established church. 60. When did the party system emerge? What were the first parties, how did the system alteration with old ages? 1670 # 8217 ; s. foremost there were two parties # 8211 ; Tory ( tribunal party that supported the King ) and Whigs ( who supported the Parliament # 8211 ; state / aristocracy, wanted reforms ) . 61. When did the King go king-in-Parliament? What did it intend? 1694, William of Orange, III. He ruled under certain conditions: accepted the Bill of Rights ( no standing ground forces, no Torahs without parliament # 8217 ; s consent ) , the Act of Settlement ( no Catholic win ) . Didn # 8217 ; t regulation on his ain, but a portion of the Parliament. 62. When was the Civil List foremost introduced? In William of Orange # 8217 ; s reign, 1698. The Parliament started giving money for maintaining king # 8217 ; s family, so that he couldn # 8217 ; t fade out it. 63. Who are the Hanovers? After the Queen Ann # 8217 ; s decease there was a alteration of dynasty, because she didn # 8217 ; Ts have kids. George I was from German, but James I # 8217 ; s remote comparative. 64. How and when did the office of the Prime Minister arise? What did the office imply? Who was the first PM? 1720 # 8217 ; s. The first PM was Robert Walpole, he became the King # 8217 ; s representative in the HC. 65. What were the chief periods of the reign of George III? The first period 1760-1789, believed in an absolute monarchy, was an idealistic politician. When the settlements in America got independency, the Whigs returned to power. Besides after the Gallic Revolution, England felt that it was a great menace. After the War with Napoleon, the triumph, he got national regard. The monarchy began to alter. 66. Who are the Black Prince, Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Prince of Wales? The Black Prince was the Prince of Wales, during the Hundred Years War he defeated the Gallic. Bonnie Prince Charlie # 8211 ; the grandson of James II, believed to hold the right to be the king alternatively of George II. The Prince of Wales is the eldest boy of the King / Queen, started when Wales joined England in Edward I # 8216 ; s reign. 67. What period is called the regulation of the elite ? How did the political system work? When and why did it stop? The period of Whigs # 8217 ; opinion, during the reign of George I and II, the state was efficaciously controlled by the curates ( Robert Walpole # 8211 ; the caput ) . It ended with the accession of George III ( who was brought up in England ) ; he subjugated the Parliament. 68. What event is called the Boston Tea Party ? A protest in Boston in 1773 against the British revenue enhancement on tea, when tea was thrown from the ship into the H2O in the Boston Harbour. This is considered to be the event that started the American Revolutionary War. 69. What period is referred to as Regency? Why was it necessary? The period 1811-1820 when the state was ruled by the Prince Regent ( George IV ) , because the King himself was mentally sick. 70. When was the first British Empire created? When did it stop? Created after the triumph in the War for the Spanish Succession. It ended in 1783 when the settlements in America became independent. 71. Who is William Pitt the Younger? What function did he play? He was the caput of the fraction of the Whig Party, George III preferred him, became the PM # 8211 ; great stableness, support of both King and the Parliament. 72. Who were the heroes of the wars against Napoleon? Horatio Nelson defeated Napoleon several times, the conflict of Trafalgar, he was fatally wounded ; Duke of Wellington, defeated Napoleon in the conflict of Waterloo in 1815. 73. How did the look to run into one s Waterloo originate? Bonaparte was eventually defeated in the conflict of Waterloo in 1815. 74. The alterations in the nature of monarchy and the opinion elite in the early nineteenth century. The Monarchy became the symbol of the state # 8217 ; s integrity. After the war with Napoleon. Great proud. The governing elect underwent great alteration. Peoples meriting regard # 8211 ; non merely birth and belongings, but industry and morality. A position that wealth and rank meant responsibility, private morality. Political power based on birth and belongings. 75. What is the Great Reform Bill? Why was it necessary and what were its chief commissariats? It was a measure which gave a vote right to more societal groups and large metropoliss were now represented in the Parliament. Necessary # 8211 ; because industrial metropoliss emerged and they had no representatives. 76. What were the chief characteristics of Victorian society and authorities? The state was efficaciously ruled by the PMs, who were elected from the party that got the bulk in the Parliament. 2ndReform Bill in 1867 ( blue regulation declined ) , electorate doubled, secret ballot introduced. Society: category division formed but no confrontation. Fiscal independency, reputability, philanthropic gift, difficult work, seriousness. Police force created, public wellness, instruction for the lower categories. Free unregulated market. 77. The extension of franchise after the Great Reform Act of 1832, its effects. Every 5threceived a ballot. Redistribution of seats. Now large metropoliss were represented, belongings making for campaigners. Social effect # 8211 ; tied the in-between category to the blue bloods. 78. What was the function of Prince Albert in British history? He was the Prince-Consort, was non fit for concern, but had good influence on the immature queen. He was interested in humanistic disciplines, music, scientific discipline and industry, planned and organized the Great Exhibition in 1851. Many edifices are named after him. 79. What were the two chief parties in the Victorian age and who were their most outstanding leaders? Tory # 8211 ; gt ; Conservatives ( Disraeli ) , Whigs # 8211 ; gt ; Liberal ( Gladstone ) . They alternated. 80. When did authorities societal policy originate? What countries did it cover? Social reforms in Victorian reign # 8211 ; public wellness, instruction for all kids, province undertook the responsibility to supply schools, school attending became mandatory, simple instruction free. 81. What is the Boer War? The war in South Africa against 2 Boer democracies ( Transvaal and Orange Free State ) , made them a portion of the British Empire. Huge loss of life, Britain became unpopular in Europe. 82. What period do we name Edwardian? What were its typical characteristics? The reign of Edward VII. Society became cosmopolitan, new wealth was added to the old wealth of great landowning households ( from Victorian clip ) . Appearance of the Labour Party, societal reforms. Crisis, suffragette motion. Poverty and unemployment. Irish inquiry. 83. What do you cognize about the People s Budget? Was introduced by David Lloyd George. It was designed to pay the costs of societal public assistance and naval rearmament. But the Lords rejected the undertaking in 1909. 84. What were the effects of WWI on British society? Had really of import effects, affected everyone, traumatized the whole coevals, nil was the same after it. It had provided the juncture for monolithic governmental experiments in economic endeavor, in insurance. It was the urge for societal and economical alteration. Rising unemployment. Rise of Labour Party and diminution of Liberals. Very extended plan of societal reforms # 8211 ; Liberals failed to react. 85. The rise and autumn of the Second British Empire. 1850 the 2nd British Empire, India added, exceeded the 1st. During the period from 1940 to 1980 old ages more than 40 British settlements became independent. Remained friendly with Britain, most of them # 8211 ; gt ; the Commonwealth. 86. When did authorities economic policy Begin? After the WWI, the Government started supporting the place market by presenting protectionist duties. 87. When did the Labour party emerge? How did it later alter the party system? The alterations in the Labour programme at the terminal of the twentieth century, their chief cause. Emerged in 1906. In 1920 # 8217 ; s rose and replaced the Liberal Party. Was traditionally the socialist party, but in 1980-90 # 8217 ; s changed and travel towards the political centre ( New Labour ) . 88. What were the chief effects of WWII? The economic system declined, there was nil to export, no money for import. Britain was efficaciously a totalitarian province, the Government had limitless power, rationing introduced, luxuries had 100 % revenue enhancement on them, everyone of contending age was conscripted, retainers disappeared. Defeat of Conservatives and triumph of the Labour Party. 89. What function did Mrs. Simpson, a divorced American, drama in English history? Wallis Simpson, had a relationship with Edward VIII. Because she had already been married twice earlier, Edward was non allowed to get married her. Then he decided to renounce, she became the Duchess of Windsor. 90. What is a Welfare province? When was it created? What does the term Welfare mean today? State with a system of societal aid provided by the province, giving money to people who are hapless or unemployed, supplying medical attention. 1945-51. The section of societal security. 91. What is meant by the epoch of consensus ? 92. What is Affluent Society? Affluent society, which was created by enlargement of the in-between category. In 1990 # 8217 ; s the society was defined by a prosperity that involved the bulk of people. 93. What events are sometimes referred to as The Winter of Discontent ? The winter of 1978-79 when many workers refused to work in protest against the Labour authorities # 8217 ; s thought on restricting wage rises. The Labour party lost power after this. 94. What events are called The Battle of Britain ? The battles between German and Britain aircraft during the summer and fall of 1940, when British aircraft tried to forestall German aircraft from bombing British metropoliss. The bombardment was stopped at the terminal of 1940 and it was considered as a great triumph. Main consequence # 8211 ; prevented from invasion. 95. Why was Thatcher s period in office called a revolution? What did she intend when she proclaimed a return to Victorian values? Changed a batch, reduced revenue enhancements, took away power from trade brotherhoods, started the programme of denationalization, and created immense in-between category. Free market. Everybody should work hard, be earnest, thrifty, and independent.

Writing A Narrative Essay - A Complete Guide For 2019

Got a narrative essay writing assignment? If so, think of it as an opportunity to polish your storytelling skills. The article below will be your guide to compose a stellar essay. Quick Links 1. What is a Narrative Essay 2. Narrative Essay Outline 3. How to Write a Narrative Essay Step By Step 3.1 Choose Your Topic Carefully 3.2 Always Begin With a Draft 3.3 Make Sure You Include Storyline Elements 3.4 Supporting and Proving 3.5 Use Simple Language 3.6 Take Help From Samples 3.7 Double Check the Requirements 3.8 Revise Your Essay 4. Narrative Essay Examples 5. What Should be Your Tone in Narrative Writing? 1. What is A Narrative Essay The first question you need to answer before moving onto how to write a narrative essay is to know what is narrative writing. A narrative essay is the type of essay in which you share your personal experience in a creative and engaging way, just like a good story. Like a descriptive essay, these kinds of essays is quite common in high school and college and students describe their experiences and events in it. A good narrative writing is based on storytelling according to a point of view with specific details. Therefore, a good essay tells an engaging story and inspires the readers to continue. 2. Narrative Essay Structure and Outline The first step in writing a narrative essay is to create an outline. An outline is an important part and it helps to organize and structure the main ideas. It helps to stay focused and maintain a consistent flow throughout the essay. To help you understand better, we have attached a sample outline of a good essay. The below pdf will help you organize and write a narrative essay successfully. Narrative Essay Outline (PDF) Its format is fairly simple and straightforward. Its structure has the following parts: Introduction Thesis Statement Body Conclusion The main body usually has three paragraphs but you can increase the number if the topic is wide and it is needed. 3. How to Write a Narrative Essay - Step By Step For good narrative essay writing skills, follow the following steps. 3.1 Choose Your Topic Carefully The first step is to pick an interesting and engaging topic for your essay. Choose something that would help you explain your personal experiences engagingly and without dragging. Your essay is based on your personal narrative, therefore, don't forget to add your voice and sensory details in it. If you need some great topic ideas for your essay, review these interesting narrative essay topics recommended by experts to help you with your essay. 3.2 Always Begin With a Draft Writing a narrative essay will be easy if you will create an outline for it. This will help you to add important details and delete irrelevant information. These rough drafts are great because you can adjust them accordingly and change them until they are good to go. Most of the professional writers see rough drafts as a key step in their writing process. 3.3 Make Sure You Include Storyline Elements These essays require storyline elements such as a solid plot, character, setting and vivid descriptions add life to your narrative essay. These elements make your essay engaging and exciting. 3.4 Supporting and Proving Your opinions and thoughts are a part of your narrative essay. However, if needed, you must support your statements with solid description and narration. When including an argument or a fact in your essay, you need to back it up with facts and cite your sources. 3.5 Use Simple Language Make sure that you use simple language in order to keep your essay easy and simple to read and understand. Be creative and use compelling words to engage your audience. 3.6 Take Help From Samples There are many narrative essay examples that can help you to get a clear idea about the writing techniques to use in your essay. By reading these short stories and samples, you will develop a good understanding of a well developed essay and the way its title and basics are used. 3.7 Double Check the Requirements Make sure you are following the essay guidelines given by your professor or instructor. Make sure that you have added all the required information and its sources, if you have used any outside links, in it. 3.8 Revise Your Essay Always revise your essay before submitting it to your instructor. Check thoroughly for plagiarism and grammatical errors. Clarify sentences which may sound unclear or confusing. Ask a friend or family member to look over your work for errors, a second set of eyes is always helpful. 4. Narrative Essay Examples Taking help from examples is a great way to learn something in detailed manner. These examples will help you in understanding how these steps work. A good essay sample will demonstrate the techniques and explain them practically. This way you will know how to add the details and use them perfectly. However, finding a good narrative essay example may be difficult. Internet is filled with loads of examples and samples and finding a good one from them is not easy. There are many samples but not all of them are good to consider. To help you find a good and remarkable essay, we have added a sample below. Narrative Essay Example (PDF) 5. What Should be Your Tone in Narrative Essay Writing? In a narrative essay, everything should be written from your own perspective. Everything should be written in past tense, as you are sharing your personal experience. Your essay should contain a central idea that matters to you. Conclusion Writing a good narrative essay may be difficult but it is not impossible. We know that telling an engaging story is not something that everyone can do but with some practice and lots of imagination, you can do it successfully. Besides, you can also follow this guide to write a great essay in less time. It has explained all the steps involved in the making of a great essay. Once you are done reading it, you will be on your way to write a good essay. Not Everyone Cares But We Do! After reading our guide to writing a narrative essay you should be able to write it on your own. However, if you are still struggling with your paper. We are here to help. You can always seek out professional writers online for help in writing your essay. Most websites are affordable and promise to deliver research papers, case studies and much more. But there are many fraud essay services that will take your money and fail to deliver a quality paper to you. 5StarEssays is here to help you! 5staressays has an unbeatable record of providing the most affordable and quality essay writing services. Our customer feedback and reviews highlight their satisfaction and our work expertise. This is because our writers have years of experience in academic writing and remarkable customer support to help and support you, If you require a custom essay, look no further and hire one of our professional writers today

The Transition from Personnel Management to Strategic Human Resource Management

The Transition from Personnel Management to Strategic Human Resource Management Introduction Organisations are shifting towards the strategic management of their human resources to keep pace with the highly dynamic business environment. The traditional human resource management practices, including personnel management, are ineffective in the face of current speed, magnitude of change, and frequency that the organisational and business environment poses.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Transition from Personnel Management to Strategic Human Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, organisations are finding it critical to provide renewed attention towards the building, as well as strengthening of partnerships by designing strategic human resource coordination (Chiavenato, 2001, p. 17). A lot of emphasis is being placed on the maximisation of human capital in the wake of the current changes where the human resource practitioners are involving themselves more in strategic plan ning. The focus of HR practitioners is on improving the business and the development of their professional competencies. Armstrong (2000, p. 11) points out that HRM has overly been a simplistic practice, having gaps between reality and rhetoric and containing many contradictions. The presence of these shortcomings has influenced organisations to seek for a transition from the traditional HRM practice to the strategic HRM. The HRM practice is in transition as it also seeks to increase its effectiveness. As Lengnick-Hall et al. (2009, p. 64) note, strategic HRM has mainly been conceptual in its focus since the 1980s. The 1990s saw an increase in theoretical advances, including the introduction of resource-based view as the concept continued to receive more recognition and research. Other important accomplishments were also made in terms of the empirical research conducted during the period. This chronology of events and studies shows how the strategic HRM concept has grown over time t o replace the traditional HRM practice. Presently, broader HR perspectives have been established to help in determining the influence of the concept of strategic HRM on organisational performance. As organisations insist on pursuing their strategic human resource management transformation, they train their aspirations on some major values that they hope to attain incrementally. These include formulating a business strategy as the main source of attaining competitive advantage, as well as formulating a management culture to embrace the belief. It seeks to enhance operational excellence that focuses on client service for both the managers and individual employees and to deliver the resultant services at a lower cost. Additionally, strategic HRM targets to create managers with a full understanding of the human capital and the business implications of the business problems. This makes it easy for the access and modification of the HR system with the purpose of solving the problems arisi ng.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This research seeks to analyse and offer comprehensive details concerning organisations and their addition of incremental values owing to their transition to strategic human resource management. In helping to achieve this objective, the research mainly bases its analysis on secondary sources of information, including text books, journals, and other relevant authored materials on the topic. In particular, the research will expound on several organisational examples that have transformed their HRM practises from personnel management to strategic human resource management. These examples include Sears, Lucent, Quantum, and Herman Miller. Critical Analysis Addition of HR’s Incremental Value to an Organisation’s Performance In the majority of firms, the wish to achieve sustainable competitive advantage is barricaded by a spects such as the economies of scale, access to capital, patent protection, and regulated competition (Hoffman, 2000, p. 1). However, an ensuing economic paradigm has provided an avenue for competitive advantage, challenging the conventional wisdom on strategy, HR’s relationship concerning firm performance, and the role of the organisation’s HR. New trends on the global front, including globalisation, are piling many pressures and demands on firms to continuously innovate, adapt to their environment, and enhance their speed and efficiency to cope with the challenging situation. Firms, in retrospect, face the rising need to give more attention to strategic intellectual capital and increase their intellectual capital (Choy, 2007, p. 1). Sears Transformation to Strategic HRM Sears’ objective in adapting strategic HRM was to make its employees feel comfortable while working outside an environment that lacked the usual command and control (Murphy Zandvakili, 2000, p. 93). The firm wanted its workforce to get accustomed to innovation and risk taking. Sears’ reasons for transforming included both external and internal business forces interplay, including competitors, customers, finance, culture, and employees. Sears transformation in achieving strategic HRM has introduced a more elaborate balanced scorecard that clearly defines and empirically verifies the existing relationships (Neenan, 2008, p. 48). The important relationships highlighted include sales associate behaviours, financial performance, and customer satisfaction. In other words, all managers who do not necessarily fall under HR need to be provided with a clearly articulated investment plan in human capital. This helps in influencing their buy-in on the broader HR role (Neenan, 2008, p. 48).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Transition from Personnel Management to Strategic Human Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company changed its reward approach, adopting intrinsic rewards as a means of motivating their workers more and dropping the extrinsic reward system. As Armstrong and Murlis (2004, p. 42) point out, the intrinsic reward approach is strategic, business-aligned, performance-driven, integrative, distinctive, and flexible. There is a need for reward management to be bound with the business strategy owing to the critical aspect of reward management to the management of human resources. The traditional payment system that the firm used on its employees involved goal sharing, where the employees’ incentive pay was pegged on customers’ satisfaction. Sears’ reward management scheme was also affected by the company’s communication efficiency with its employees. Communication was a major issue, given that Sears is a well established corporation that runs several branches countrywide and employs thousands of workers. The retailer experien ced high turnover rates, thus calling for a more continual reorientation of the new employees that were hired (Salisbury, 2008, para 1). Sears’ transformation has seen it mandate a multi-perspective system of appraisal for all its managers. The firm has established some of its critical strategic imperatives to include the transformation of the retailer into a suitable place to work in, a place favourable for shopping, as well as a place that is suitable for investing in (Thomas, 2012, p. 99). Sears’ strategic HRM emphasizes on the achievement of behaviour consistencies to match with leadership competencies that sustain its 3C’s to achieve these objectives. In setting performance objectives, individual employees are challenged to improve their â€Å"line of sight† pitting the individual employee or team behaviour, on the one hand, and the firm-level outcomes, on the other hand (Oliver, 2003, p. 18). Additionally, the performance objectives are prearranged like a treadmill, such that an employee who fails to improve finds himself or herself moving backwards. Sales associates in the firm receive direct customer feedback to get a glimpse of the actual feeling from their own customers. The company has developed a strong commitment to compete with its industry rivals purely on customer service to ensure that it emerges as the best employer choice for its employees. The Sales Associates set up the quality of performance that drives the general customer service in the company (Business Wire, 2006, para 6).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another critical value addition has been experienced in the area of employee development. The company has established its own university, Sears University, which serves more than 20,000 managers every year. The institution also stresses on the employment of intact teams purposely to support knowledge sharing even after completing the program (Collins Rainwater, 2005, p. 16). This program has been a great success for the company mainly due to the strong support that the senior management team has been offering towards funding the initiative. Lucent’s Case of Strategic HRM Customer service The transformation towards achieving strategic HRM at Lucent has seen the company refocus attention towards improving customer service. The new HR structure of the firm has emphasized on client services on up to three levels. The levels include senior leaders, supervisors/coaches, and employees/retirees. The HR Business Partner plays the critical linchpin role that creates value at Lucent. T he arrangement is done strategically in a way that gives the senior business leaders an opportunity to work together with the HR leaders. The Business Partners are measured against client satisfaction objectives that strictly focus on the end results (PR Newswire, 2001, para 1). The delivery channels play a critical role in sustaining this, where the senior executives enjoy the exclusive rights during the declaration of the annual ultimate goals and objectives. Like in the case of Sears, Lucent has also developed a strong commitment, especially within the senior management at the firm, to develop HR initiatives that constantly seek to develop solutions for the clients (Namuduri, 2006, p. 3). Through the adoption of this strategy, managers at the firm attend all staff meetings, including those that do not necessarily discuss HR issues. This is done to enable the HR representatives to understand the business clearly. A team of up to 58 professionals drawn from the HR function, also re ferred to as the HR Accelerators, specifically work towards eliminating HR policies and practices that add no value for the firm and its shareholders. A competency model was established within the firm’s framework in its plans to support Business Partner role in HR development. Lucent developed the competencies using both external benchmarking sources and internal reviews, which emphasise on areas that seek solutions for a particular question (Quandt, 2007, para 4). The firm seeks to determine the exact knowledge, commitments, and skills required to help the Business Partners in their quest to serve the expectations of their customers fully. The main areas singled out included understanding the firm’s business, the business of its clients, and the HR business. The customer focus, personal impact, and management in a competitive and changing environment were also established as critical areas. By defining, acquiring, and leveraging resources, Lucent managed to implement HR solutions to offer solutions to the problems and challenges that the firm faced. Strong pay-performance relationship The strategic HRM at Lucent seeks to develop a strong relationship between pay and performance. This strategy targets to add value through rallying people within the organisation as the source of the company’s competitive advantage. Lucent has constantly focused on using stock options as a means of aligning its employees’ interests with the organisational objective of increasing the market value. The firm offered 100 options for each of its employees as â€Å"founders grants†. This was at the time when it went public (Walker, 2006, p. 18). Quantum Employee development Quantum’s strategic HRM seeks to hire its employees based on the fundamental characteristics of the organisation that support and sustain organisational success. The firm relies heavily on operations and product development through teamwork. Applicants seeking for employme nt in the firm but unable to work in teams are never selected. The main idea of the firm is the fact that working in teams or groups helps in supporting knowledge exchange between individuals. This, in turn, enhances the overall organisational quality level and performance (Manufacturing Close-Up, 2013, para 2). Quantum’s strategy on HRM further extends to the selection of employees, where behaviour and competency are very critical. Emphasis on these two critical aspects is based on the premise that the firm increases its chances of producing if workers with the right behaviour and competency are acquired. The general principle held by the management is the fact that applicants who manage to survive the selection process of the company are in a better position to start at â€Å"merge speed† (Business Wire, 2002, para 3). Performance management Quantum has established a significant performance management system whose main objective is to integrate adequate competency mo dels through the HR system of the organisation. The firm, as part of its performance management, has formulated up to nine critical Value Behaviours that the management places a lot of emphasis on. However, a multi-step process that involves individuals’ multiple rankings is required because of its overreliance on team-based work formations. Ranking is done by other members of the team (Business Wire, 2002, para 4). The team leader and the business unit manager also provide their ratings of the group and its individuals to help come up with effective team compositions and general performance management. Herman Miller, Inc. Competitive advantage Strategic HRM at Herman Miller has been designed in a way that helps the firm to achieve competitive advantage in the industry. Although strategic HR is a relatively new phenomenon, Herman Miller has pursued it for a significant period. The firm practice servant based leadership and employee advocacy as ways of influencing the overall competitive advantage (Walker, Bovet Joseph, 2000, p. 1). Employee participation is emphasised in the company and it is considered as both an obligation and an opportunity. Employees are trained extensively to equip them with ideas and knowledge on how to create value in the firm (Firooz, 2012, p. 675). To enable this to happen, the firm contemplates integrating the use of a Balanced Scorecard approach to act as Learning Maps. The Scanlon plans and Employee Stock Option Plans, abbreviated as ESOP, have continuously been applied in the firm to enhance involvement during business literacy training. In addition to these frameworks, Herman Miller has adopted the Economic Value Added framework (EVA) to heighten business literacy training even further. The company has introduced a formal course that lasts for two hours for all its employees. This offers an avenue through which concepts are passed on to the workers. In addition to the already existing courses, plans are also underway to i ntroduce EVA301 whose main objective is to offer more advanced training. A series of courses referred to as â€Å"train the trainer† are currently pursued at Herman Miller to empower team leaders. Their subsequent empowerment helps them and others in the organisation to offer teachings to the rest of the employees (Walker, Bovet Joseph, 2000, p. 5). The Transition from Personnel Management to Strategic Human Resource Management Personnel management mainly focuses on operations, including recruitment, selection, as well as administrative functions. As opposed to strategic human resource managers, personnel managers are functional specialists who have little status or power (Bloisi, 2007, p. 12). Personnel managers mainly play the role of linking the employee and employer to articulate both their needs. Personnel management has been prominent in the past, with organisations practicing it to seek the achievement of their end objectives. The organisational changes and transforma tion towards strategic HRM have been instigated by changing power balance, as well as the changing management concerns within the workplace (Redman Wilkinson, 2006, p. 4). Trade union membership has been declining in the recent years, while concerns by the management have focused more on efficiency and productivity. Organisations are also increasingly facing pressure to change and are in the process seeking ways of adjusting to the global competition through downsizing their workforce, de-layering, and decentralisation (Redman Wilkinson, 2006, p. 4). These changes have transformed firms into being more flexible, adopting continuous change programmes, and becoming flexible. This is the essence of strategic HRM, where focus is on performance management, process re-engineering, learning organisation, and culture change (Redman Wilkinson, 2006, p. 7). As Armstrong (2006, p. 19) notes, strategic HRM mainly emphasises on organisations attaining integration and strategic fit with their business strategy. Strategic HRM mainly focuses on organisational culture and commitment achievement because of the new changes in the business environment. It places more emphasis on line managers and their role as HR policy implementers (Armstrong, 2006, p. 19). The holistic strategic HRM approach mainly deals with the organisation and its interests, as well as taking into consideration how important the individual employee interests are. The HR professionals seek to become business partners and not administrators in the firm. Their focus is to treat the employees as critical assets of the firm, but not as cost overheads (Armstrong 2006, p. 21). Although strategic HRM can seek to initiate new business policies and practices, the implementation role is left to the line managers (Armstrong, 2006, p. 97). The organisation does not only stop at providing HR policies because strategic HRM is focused on improved organisational performance. Instead, the implementation process takes the c entral role. Strategic HRM targets to achieve up to six critical objectives for the organisation, which include conceptualising interests, establishing the mission and vision statements, and determining structural, as well as functional roles. Additionally, it seeks to determine the managerial operatives and define the job descriptions, prepare the HR policy documents while placing emphasis on performance management, and managing the organisational culture. Human Resource Management The shift towards strategic HRM practice of the traditional personnel management has gone through the human resource management stage. Human resource management focuses more on the management and its needs in regard to the provision, as well as use of the human resources. HRM promotes the undertaking of activities that deal with the human resources with other management members. It does not promote working between the management and the employees directly. Its main emphasis is on planning, monitoring and controlling, but not mediating (Torrington, Hall Taylor, 2004, p. 23). The main HRM role involves aligning structures and the human resources to achieve the organisation’s business structure and the planned scope. The concern is on the human aspect comprising the organisational structure. However, HRM differs from the strategic management of the human resources in the sense that the latter bases on the general organisational strategy. It also focuses on the strategies of the organisational units in existence. The operational management, therefore, develops the strategic plans aimed for the staff. HRM is mainly characterised by favouring liberal principles and goals. It does not only refer to a typical worker who goes to his or her place of work and waits for payment at the end of it all. Instead, the worker matters a lot in the survival of the organisation and gets the treatment of a management subject. The constant change, increase of competitiveness, rapid science and tec hnology development, and the associated difficulties require that the management of an organisation should search constantly for solutions that are good and adequate. It is conclusive to point out that it is decisive to treat and manage human resources within the organisation. It gives importance to HRM, while seriously challenging those in charge. The Strategic HRM Approach Unlike personnel management practice, strategic HRM emphasises on the need for human resource planning. It involves determining the actual size of staff member that can help the organisation to meet its future needs and achieve a workforce whose composition has the necessary skills (McKenna Beech, 2002, p. 117). Firms are targeting to achieve efficiency in their performance, while ensuring that the employees in the firm associate themselves fully with the organisation in their quest to maintain the right size of workforce. Strategic HR planning seeks to acquire, utilise, improve, and retain the organisationâ₠¬â„¢s human resources (Mullins, 2005, p. 797). Organisations are realising the importance of including HR planning as an integral component of the broader corporate planning. In this new framework, information plays an important role of determining the range of the plan, target dates, forecasting period, and the needed skills and occupations (Mullins, 2005, p. 797). The organisation needs to carry out an analysis of the existing resources, undertake an estimation of the probable resources according to the target dates agreed, and factor in the current staff development, losses, and the external forces like labour availability and legislative change (Mullins, 2005, p. 799). Forecasting of staff requirements is a critical aspect of strategic HRM. It helps in ensuring that the organisation attains its corporate objectives as per the scheduled dates. The management, nevertheless, must take several measures to offer the appropriate staffing resources required. Overly, changes in the popu lation trends have to be taken into account to include some considerations like the ageing of the workforce, the number of young people being absorbed directly from school, competition levels from other organisations, advancement in automation and information technology, and employment legislation (Mullins, 2005, p. 799). Employee selection Strategic HRM has seen the emergence of new techniques in employee selection. These techniques emphasise on efficiency and quality performance. The Credit Suisse process is among the new employee selection techniques that firms adopting strategic HRM practice employ. As Marchington and Wilkinston (2005, p. 176) mention, strategic selection methods currently used by organisations include references, application forms, assessment centres, graphology, and work sampling. These techniques are all applied together because no single technique offers the perfect decisions that can address the issue of certainty (Marchington Wilkinston, 2005, p. 176). Th e transition of personnel management, therefore, has seen a multiple number of methods being preferred by managers. In this new practice, employers may confirm with the references after, or before the interviews. The references are maintained as critical aspects of recruitment that inform the decision to employ a particular individual. The CIPD (2004, p. 2) indicates a collection of other selection techniques employed by organisations that have adopted strategic HRM, including the use of questionnaires and numeracy and literacy tests. A combination of all these techniques during the selection process enhances the overall quality of employees selected because each of the methods has limitations. A more complimentary technique is used as an alternative to achieve a perfect judgement, the probable fit with the organisation’s culture (Jackson et al., 2008, p. 552). Interviews The strategic HRM shift has seen a majority of organisations adopt the use of interviews as the most comm on technique in the recruitment process (Bloisi, 2007, p. 147). According to Bloisi, up to 68% of organisations consider the use of interviews, particularly the more structured interview types. These interviews are used as a determinant of the selected teams. Other organisations prefer the use of structured, panel interviewing (CIPD, 2005, p. 1). Additionally, behavioural questioning within the structured interviews is also used as a technique for determining the right employees. Organisations are emphasising on acquiring individuals who are better placed in terms of their behaviours to serve it towards the achievement of the objectives. Organisations must ensure that they acquire the right employees because strategic HRM entails attaining efficiency and objectives within the stipulated time. Although individual skills are crucial in determining the selection decisions, employees must also be competent enough to fit into the organisation’s culture (Armstrong, 2006, p. 404). C onclusion The organisational transition from personnel management practice to strategic human resource management has been taking place since the 1980s. The business environment has been changing over the years, with the emergence of trends such as globalisation influencing the need for organisations to speed up their transition to strategic human resource management. Various challenges within the contemporary business environment make it inadequate for personnel management to achieve its intended goals and objectives effectively. The external changes within the business environment comprise of increased competition, the need to satisfy customers’ needs accurately, advanced technology and techniques, and the intricate nature of the global economy. Organisations will be unable to create the needed competitive edge over their rivals, unless they shift to strategic human resource management. Sears’ performance management target has seen it mandate a multi-perspective appr aisal for its managers, where greater emphasis is placed on consistency of behaviours to match with its leadership competencies. The firm intends to train its managers to be actual leaders in its quest to make it a compelling place for customers to do their shopping and one where workers will get the attraction to work in. Lucent’s strategic human resource management has seen Lucent focus on strong pay-performance relationship where it has increased stock options usage. From this strategy, the firm has succeeded in aligning the interests of its employees with the corporate goal of doubling the market value and overall performance. Further strategic management programs at Lucent have seen it increase service quality in every level of its operation. The new HR structure of the firm has helped in providing and sustaining a model that emphasises services at three main levels, including individual employees, senior leaders, and supervisors. Herman Miller, Inc., on its part, has st rategically focused on pushing for a buy-in from the line managers to enhance people-based competitive strategy. The employees participate in the decision making process in the firm to facilitate ‘ownership’. The idea of the firm is to make employees more valuable by allowing them to fully participate in the crucial management role in decision-making. The transition from personnel management to strategic human resource management has seen firms focus a lot of their attention on the selection procedures that they employ. The most important objective that the management seeks to attain is the creation of a workforce that fits perfectly within the cultural base of the organisation. The contemporary organisations are spending much of their resources in training workers to increase their ability to compete with others. Employees who have their skills improved regularly increase the possibility of the organisation attaining its objective. Strategic management of the human res ource has seen firms focus more attention on the selection of their employees, with more techniques being employed to ascertain the behaviour of the prospective employees. Individual behaviour is crucial even as organisations seek to achieve a cultural fit into the complex business environment. 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