The Red Room by HG Wells and A Little Place Off the Edgware Road By Graham Greene Essays

The Red Room by HG Wells and A Little Place Off the Edgware Road By Graham Greene Essays The Red Room by HG Wells and A Little Place Off the Edgware Road By Graham Greene Essay The Red Room by HG Wells and A Little Place Off the Edgware Road By Graham Greene Essay Exposition buy college papers online Topic: Writing Apparition stories turned out to be amazingly well known in the Victorian period. The purpose behind their staggering ubiquity was the way that there were a great deal of logical disclosures being made at that point and it was a fictuous, heavenly component, which offered a getaway from these genuine groundbreaking improvements of the time. The Red Room was written in 1896, at the ed of the Victorian time, however is till an away from of the class. For Wells to compose such a story was an intriguing decision as he was generally acclaimed for his sci-fi composing, for example, The Time Machine and War of the Worlds. Some of apparition stories fundamental impacts originate from the Gothic customs, with settings in huge, old mansions, desolate settings and abuse. Albeit A little spot off the Edgware Road was written in 1947 it unmistakably shows that it is established in its classification. Greene qouted Bishop Blougrams Apology, saying our inclinations on the hazardous edge of things. The two stories share a similar focal topic of apparition stories: the capacity of the dead to return and stand up to the living, with The Red Room being significantly more conventional than A Little Place of the Edgware Road. The Red Room is set in the Victorian period in customary Gothic setings. It is arranged in an old, dull, melancholy manor, in which the occupants are depicted in a way which causes them to appear goulish and ghostlike. The plot spins around the youngster who is remaining in the mansion simply so he can dissipate any convictions that the house is spooky. A little spot off the edgware street despite the fact that it goes amiss from a large number of the Gothic conventions, is profoundly established in its class. It is set in nineteen thirties London, and the fundamental spot of activity is an old picture house, in spite of the fact that the setting inside the image house is especially in keeping to the Gothic convention of apparition stories. The plot spins around a man, Craven, a decrepit character who has a profound dim dread that the body remains alive after death and internment and the apparitions of the cadavers unreservedly wander the earth as they looked when they were murdered. He encounters his darkest dread inside the film when he meets with what we are persuaded is a phantom. This phantom is the encapsulation of every one of his feelings of trepidation, and eventually brings about Craven losing his brain. The Red Room is in first individual account. This is again with regards to the customs of the class. The explanation that the story is written in this account is with the goal that it causes the peruser to feel nearer to the character. It is to cause the peruser to feel emotive towards the storyteller, so when he is terrified the peruser feels frightened for him. The storyteller in apparition stories is typically a totally ordinary individual who has nothing odd or curious about them, hence defeating the doubt of the peruser. The Red Room is no exemption to the standard, the storyteller in this story is a totally ordinary, bland, clinical man, who is totally unsuperstitious, this is the reason the peruser is so stunned when he gets panicky and truly accepts there is a phantom in the room. The other story in examination is totally as opposed to The Red Room. It is in the third individual story, and the male hero is anything but a typical, rational individual, he is a dingy character, verging on the edge of craziness. I trust Greene utilizes these alternatives with the goal that the peruser can get a more top to bottom perspective on Cravens mental issues, in such a case that he were portraying himself he would clearly consider himself to be typical, so you wouldnt get the top to bottom depiction of him and his feelings of trepidation. As has just been clarified over, the male heroes in the two stories are as far dissimilair from one another as is conceivable. The man in The Red Room is a youthful, wise man, who is clinical about his perceptions, and is an unsuperstitious, bland individual. Wells utilizes words, for example, clinical perception when discussing the keeps an eye on appraisal of his environmental factors. This radiates the feeling that the man might want to disperse any uncertainty in his brain that there was a chance of another animal or being in the live with him. Anyway this clinical perception isn't sufficient bringing about the man lighting candles and spot them all around the space to dispose of any moving shadows, peculiar shapes and so on. The character in A Little Place off the Edgware Road is totally against the traditioanal typicality. He is portrayed as undesirable, giving the feeling that he is a sort of sick person, and the manner in which he is dressed with his anorak done up directly round his face gives the feeling that he is somewhat grimy and rancid. Supposedly on you begin to comprehend that Craven is somewhat frantic. THe storytellers depiction of his contemplations about death, that he trusts when he passes on that is it, he doesn't need the body to live on after death since he has a wound perspective on existence in the wake of death, he accepts that when a body is covered it doesn't rot, and it just wanders underground the world, which resembles a honeycomb, a maze of passages, driving up into this present reality, where they walk unreservedly, bodies as they were the point at which they were covered ghastly and rotting. Timid is offbeat and has some strict conviction in spite of the fact that it is depicted as resembling a worm held up in a nut, which means it was within him yet it was making him spoiled, similar to a worm in a nut. Fearful abhors his body and hefts it around like something he despises, he is extremeley desirous and jealous of individuals who have great bodies, similar to the patrols. The settings of the two stories are differentiating somehow or another yet similair in others. They are both arranged in dim territories, The Red Room in the stronghold and A Little Place off the Edgware Road in a film. The times where they are both set, notwithstanding, are differentiating, one is set before a period of much logical disclosure, and one after, unexpectedly, it is the one set after the revelations which contains the most uncertainty and odd notion. The settings of both the tales help make an air of tenseness, not exactly realizing what prowls in the obscurity past. The two stories are set with some component of craziness in The Red Room the servants are feeble, and in A Little Place off the Edgware Road it is Craven who is frantic. The two stories are based over a moderately brief timeframe, the two occasions occur in an only one night or night. The Red Room develops pressure from the beginning while depicting the houskeepers, he depicts them as odd caretakers this depicts the mansion as not an exceptionally decent spot to be, however when the man is having a discussion with these twisted overseers they are attempting to convince him notto go to the room, disclosing to him that it is spooky and that it is his own doing whether he goes up there or not, there is additionally added strain when they won't walk him to the room by virtue of being terrified, there is likewise a common remark of this night of the entire evenings persuading this was a huge night in the frequenting of the room. At the point when the man is strolling to the Red Room he fills in the peruser with the subtleties of the frequenting of the room, that two individuals have kicked the bucket because of the room, and that the steps outside the entryway had been associated with the two episodes. Anyway as the man is clinical in his perceptions he excuses these passings as less than ideal coronary failures and staggers and so forth. On his excursion to the room the man depicts his environmental factors and portrays when he sees the shadows of the metal and imagines that it might be an animal. THis includes strain since he says he remained there for some time with his hand on his gun, terrified, when he realized it was only a stunt of the light, this includes pressure since it shows that even this man who appears to be frightened of nothing was terrified by a stunt of shadows, demonstrating his mankind and vulnerabiluity. At the point when he gets to the room he depicts the murkiness, and how it had the creepy sentiment of a prescence and this leads him to get the candles. At the point when the headliner begins occurring, from the start he excuses it as a whirlwind so as not to get twisted up however when he begins freezing he makes strain as his portrayals become progressively berserk and you feel his urgency. At the point when all the lights go out strain is at a most extreme with him running like a visually impaired man, and in the long run it peaks with him taking himself out. A Little Place off the Edgware Road the anticipation develops with the storytellers depiction of Cravens dreams, of his peculiar underground maze of cadavers. THis causes the peruser to feel as though Craven is perhaps somewhat insane. At that point the pressure fades away until he gets to the film where his fantasies repeat once more, portraying peoplelaying down as cadavers spread out, when the film begins to play it is about the fall of a Roman Empire, the fall of a once extraordinary thing, which is the impression we get which has happened to Craven. At the point when the phantom comes into the room you don't realize that it is an apparition from the depiction, Greene utilizes the absence of visibilty well in his portrayals of Cravens impression, since Craven can't see the apparition in a nitty gritty way he doesn't have a clue what's going on with him. He portrays him like the man in the Red Room depicts the servants, that he is sickening. You are made to consider what's up with the man since Craven is portraying him as frantic, yet Craven is distraught aswell, which shows how distraught he thinks the little man is. Anyway when he begins discussing the homicide and how he thinks about them things you start to accept as does Craven that the man is a killer and similarly as Craven goes to stand up to him he is gone, leaving all the pressure waiting. The endings are not unique in the manner that the two of them include an adjustment in the hero. The Red Roomhas a doub

How to Use Dual Prepositions in German

Instructions to Use Dual Prepositions in German Most German relational words are alwaysâ followed by a similar case, yet double relational words (likewise called two-way or dubious relational words) are relational words that can take either the accusative or dative case. What Are the Dual Prepositions in German? There are nine of these dualâ prepositions: anaufhinternebeninã ¼beruntervorzwischen How to Decide Whether A Dual Preposition Is Dative or Accusative? When a double relational word addresses the inquiry where to? (wohin?) or shouldn't something be said about? (worã ¼ber?), it takes the accusative case. While addressing the inquiry where (wo?), it takes the dative case.â At the end of the day, the accusative relational words normally allude to an activity or development to somewhere else, though the dative relational words allude to something that isn't changing location.â Consider the English expressions he hops into the water versus he is swimming in the water. The principal addresses a where to address: Where is he bouncing? Into the water. Or on the other hand in German, in das Wasserâ orâ ins Wasser. He is changing area by moving from the land into the water. The subsequent expression speaks to a where circumstance. Where is ​he swimming? In the water. In German, in dem Wasserâ orâ im Wasser. He is swimming inside the waterway and not moving all through that one location.â To communicate the two unique circumstances, English uses two distinctive prepositions:â inâ orâ into. To communicate a similar thought, German uses one relational word -  inâ -trailed by either the accusative case (movement) or the dative (area). Progressively About Using the Accusative Case In the event that you need to pass on a bearing or goal in a sentence, youll need to utilize the accusative. These sentences will consistently respond to the inquiry whereâ to/wohin? For instance: Pass on Katze springt auf nook Stuhl. | The feline bounces on(to) the chair.Wohin springt bite the dust Katze? Auf cave Stuhl. | Where is the feline bouncing? On(to) the seat. The accusative case is additionally utilized when you can get some information about/worã ¼ber? For instance: Sie diskutieren à ¼ber nook Film. | They are discussingâ the film.Worà ¼ber diskutieren sie? ÃÅ"ber nook Film. | What are they discussing? About the film. Progressively About Using the Dative Case The dative case is utilized to demonstrate a steady position or circumstance. It responds to the inquiry where/wo? For model: Pass on Katze sitzt auf dem Stuhl. (The feline sits on the seat.) The dative is additionally utilized when there is no specific course or objective intended. For model: Sie ist pass on ganze Zeit in der Stadt herumgefahren.| (She drove around town throughout the day.) Recall that the above principles apply just to double relational words. Dative-just relational words will consistently stay dative, regardless of whether the sentence shows movement or direction. Likewise, accusative-just relational words will consistently stay accusative, regardless of whether no movement is depicted in the sentence.â Sharp Ways to Remember German Prepositions Bolt stanzas Blob Some think that its simpler to recollect the accusative-versus-dative guideline by thinking about the accusativeâ letter A on its side, speaking to a bolt ( ) for movement a particular way, and the dative letter Dâ on its side to speak to a mass very still. Obviously, how you recollect the distinction matters nearly nothing, as long as you have an away from of when a two-way relational word utilizes the dative or accusative.â Rhyme Time  Use the accompanying rhyme to helpâ memorize double relational words): An, auf, hinter, neben, in, à ¼ber, unter, vor und zwischenstehen mit dem vierten Fall, wenn man fragen kann â€Å"wohin,†mit dem dritten steh’n sie so,daãÿ man nur fragen kann â€Å"wo.† Deciphered: At, on, behind, close, in, finished, under, previously and between Go with the fourth case, when one asks where to The third case is unique: With that, you can just ask where. Double Prepositions and Sample Sentences The accompanying graph records a case of the dative and accusative cases for a few double relational words. Relational word Definition Dative Example Accusative Example an at, by, on Der Lehrer steht a der Tafel.The instructor is remaining at the board. Der Student schreibt es a bite the dust Tafel. The understudy composes it on the board. auf on, onto Sie sitzt auf dem Stuhl.She is perched on the seat. Er legt das Papier auf cave Tisch.He is putting the paper on the table. hinter behind Das Kind steht hinter dem Baum.The kid is remaining behind the tree. Bite the dust Maus luft hinter bite the dust Tr.The mouse runs behind the entryway. neben adjacent to, close, close to Ich stehe neben der Wand. I remain close to the divider. Ich setzte mich neben ihn. I plunked down close to him. in in, into, to Bite the dust Socken sind in der Schublade.The socks are in the cabinet. Der Junge geht in bite the dust Schule.The kid goes to class. ber over (above), about, over Das Bild hngt ber dem Schreibtisch.The picture hangs over the work area. ffne cave Regenschirm ber meinen Kopf. Open the umbrella over my head. unter under, beneath Kick the bucket Frau schlft unter nook Bumen.The lady is dozing under the trees. Der Hund luft unter pass on Brcke.The hound runs under the extension. zwischen between Der Katze stand zwischen mir und dem Stuhl.The feline is among me and the seat. Sie stellte pass on Katze zwischen mich und sanctum Tisch.She put the feline among me and the table. Test Yourself Answer this inquiry: Isâ in der Kircheâ dative or accusative? Woâ orâ wohin?â In the event that you think thatâ in der Kircheâ is dative and the expression answers the questionâ wo?â then you are correct. In der Kircheâ means in (inside) the congregation, whileâ in pass on Kircheâ means into the congregation (wohin?). Presently you see one more motivation behind why you have to know your German sexual orientations. Realizing that congregation isâ die Kirche, which changes toâ der Kircheâ in the dative case, is a fundamental component in utilizing any relational word, yet particularly the two-way ones. Presently all around put the Kirche phrases into sentences to additionally delineate the point: Akkusativ: Die Leute gehen in pass on Kirche. The individuals are going into the church. Dativ: Die Leute sitzen in der Kirche. The individuals are sitting in the congregation.

Financial Aid in Education Essay -- Persuasive Argumentative Essays

Money related Aid in Education A person in $50,000 of obligation must be unreliable with his cash right? All things considered, all things considered, he is an understudy. A huge number of undergrads around the nation are in a money related issue in view of the government?s generic monetary guide strategies. The bureaucratic government?s current framework has such a large number of peculiarities which wind up harming the individuals that monetary guide should help. The national government should change its monetary guide approaches to take a few additional components, for example, the level of instructive costs paid by the understudy, into account. Under the current framework, all understudies applying for government help document a structure called the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). This structure is intended to make sense of the measure of cash a family can dish out for training, or the Expected Family Contribution (EFC). Accepting the understudy doesn't meet all requirements for autonomous status, both the normal commitments from the understudy and the guardians are remembered for the EFC. All together for an understudy to get autonomous status you must be hitched or beyond twenty four years old. In the wake of recording the FAFSA, the understudy will get back a Student Aid Report (SAR) which incorporates the Expected Family Contribution. The manner in which most schools decide the measure of help you will get is to deduct the Expected Family Contribution from the all out expenses of the college. All out expenses incorporate such things as educational cost, food and lodging, protection, and different incid ental costs. The understudy gets the distinction in credits and awards. An advance is monetary guide that should be repaid, ordinarily after the understudy graduates. An award doesn't need to be taken care of. A grant... ...y the legislature. There are a few little ways that the legislature could improve their budgetary guide strategies to make them progressively receptive to the understudy. I accept that the entirety of the progressions I have recommended are practical. They may take some dabbling, however at long last they would be an improvement. These progressions would cause it feasible for the FAFSA to additional to decently speak to the requirements of the understudy. It could never damage to have the administration placed more cash into training, however regardless of whether they don't, they have to make a superior showing of disseminating the guide they give. Sources Cited: Kantrowitz, Mark. Monetary Aid Estimation Calculator. FinAid. 1999. http://www.finaid.org/adding machines/finaidestimate.phtml (13 Nov 00) DAV. Understudy Guide 2000-2001. U.S. Division of Education. 2000. http://www.ed.gov/prog_info/SFA/StudentGuide/2000-1/index.html (13 Nov 00)

Your views stand out among others i have read and here is why Personal Statement

Your perspectives stand apart among others I have perused and here is the reason - Personal Statement Example Be that as it may, American culture watched new skylines of life and learned new exercises. Individuals feared the loss of work and the hardships that would go with the financial catastrophe. Sorrow was a financial pulverization, however it changed the social viewpoint totally. For example, ladies think that its simpler to land low-wage positions that opens new open doors for them despite the fact that it was a reasonable deviation from perfect sex jobs in a family around then. Ranchers couldn't bear the substantial weights of banks advances and saw the product costs fall forcefully. The occasion constrained mass rural based populace to move in urban settlements to get a new line of work. By the presentation of CCC, NWA, and WPA, individuals begin feeling that their legislature is really working for them. The administration had more control and an expanded effect on people’s life and that waits on till today. Exactly when the American economy was reshaping itself and recoverin g from the downturn, United States had to go into the WWII. Unexpectedly, the war helped the monetary action and decreased business that had flooded to in excess of 11 percent. Notwithstanding, financial experts accept that the genuine thriving began not before the war finished. What troubles me more than anything else is the idea that opportunity comes through government. In a perfect world, government ought to shield its residents from interior or outer savage and damaging components. Should government be permitted to begin a war?

Analytic Commentary- The analytic commentary will be a succinct Essay

Investigative Commentary-The systematic analysis will be a brief evaluative bit of composing which recognizes the fundamental highlights o - Essay Example Such alerts have been related with issues, for example, the eroding of reasonable play zones (Rivkin, 1998); the development in ‘stranger dangers’ (Valentine and McKendrick, 1997); the move towards increasingly home-fixated relaxation exercises established on TV and computer games (Clements, 2004); and the development in youth corpulence (Ebbeling et al., 2002). Simultaneously, concerns have been conveyed about the apparent over-formalization of children’s early instructive encounters. Obviously, at that point, early years instructors are currently being approached to start an increasingly experiential, play-based way to deal with realizing which coordinates a more prominent utilization of the outside condition (DfES, 2007). One manner by which schools are supporting children’s play and learning in the outside condition is through interest in ‘Forest School’. Backwoods School has been characterized by the Forest School England organize as: A pe rsuasive procedure that offers kids, youngsters and grown-ups standard chances to accomplish, and create certainty and confidence through hands-on learning encounters in a forest situation. (Murray, and O’Brien, 2005) The college that was visited for the Forest School is known for its open space that involved spots where youngsters could unreservedly move and take an interest in different physical exercises. It included regions where kids with the assistance of their creative mind could make stories that would help in the improvement of intellectual capacities, spaces that would shield from downpour and daylight, give chances to difficulties and contact with nature. Various inquires about have bolstered the upsides of learning in the common habitat and kept up that kids need to play, to encounter space, development and tactile incitement for solid turn of events (Knight, 2009; Maynard, 2007). The Forest School experience underwrites tactile kid drove outside play, supporting and animating interest and assimilation. Wilson (2008) shows that the characteristic world alongside its astonishing rich wellsprings of tactile incitement, offers innumerable chances to encounter magnificence. It can in this manner fill in as an ideal hotspot for tasteful improvement of youngsters. The current condition gave kids a scope of chances for regular tactile encounters which is likewise represented in type of photos in Appendix A. The parts of nature were found through unique exercises concentrating on the miracles of nature felt through the faculties (Forest School Norfolk, 2009). The feeling of smell was experienced through blossoms, soil and wood that were found in Forest School. The feeling of seeing was satisfied by the shades of nature, assortment of creepy crawlies and vegetation. The brilliant creepy crawlies at the site extraordinarily pulled in the kids as one of them even inquired as to whether he could contact the centipede to have a nearby look. So also, diff erent surfaces, for example, smooth grass, barks and rock way offered upgrade for their feeling of touch. Furthermore, tweeting of the winged creatures, quacking of the ducks, snapping twigs and moving water gave upgrade to their sound-related faculties. Then again, the feeling of taste was satisfied by furnishing youngsters with hot cocoa and bread rolls for snacks. Nature gave motivation to all detects including visual, sound-related and

Khan Academy helps students prepare for medical school admission test

Khan Academy helps students prepare for medical school admission test There were many memorable moments on my road to becoming a doctor, but a few stand out.1. Biking to the hospital in the snow, day after day after day (it was in Boston), during residency. Wet scrubs are no fun.2. Talking to a teenage girl who was embarrassed about having to find a prom dress that would cover the large psoriasis plaques on her elbows3. High-fiving and hugging a patient-turned-friend moments after finding out his leukemia was in remission!4. Helping to give a baby its first breath5. Studying for the MCAT ® exam (Medical College Admission Test)Are you surprised that last one made the list? Don’t be. I studied for the MCAT for weeks and weeks, and walked out feeling drained. It was a grueling experience and I was a basket case, running around trying to balance my class-load with finding reliable study materials and knocking out practice questions on weekends. For three long months, I ate, slept, studied, and stressed (in that order). But I realize that the work I put i nto preparing helped get me ready for medical school. This April, the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) is unveiling a new and improved MCAT exam. More than 80,000 individuals will take this new test on their road to medical school each year. And with the help of the AAMC and a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Khan Academy has built resources to help students prepare for the exam.For the past two years, we’ve worked with a fantastic team of educators to create more than 900 videos and 2,000 questions spanning all of the foundational concepts tested on the new exam. These include biochemistry, biology, physiology, physics, chemistry, and - for the first time ever - the social sciences, specifically psychology and sociology.  It’s amazing to think that within four years, students taking the new MCAT are going to be physicians in every single clinic, hospital, and operating theater across the United States and Canada. They’ll be caring for you or some one you love. We know that aspiring medical students want to learn, and we want to be a small part of their journey. Good luck to everyone taking the new MCAT exam - we hope you find our new study tools helpful!Rishi Desai, Program Lead - Medical Partnerships

Grammar Check

   â€Å"I have come home at last! This is my real country! I belong here. This is the land I have been looking for all my life, though I never knew it till now...Come further up, come further in!† C.S. Lewis, The Last Battle This quote, which appears near the end of the final installment of the Chronicles of Narnia, reveals a beautiful and poignant moment in the narrative. The Pevensie children, with Susan notably absent, arrive suddenly and deliciously on the edge of a beautiful new land, Aslan’s Country. At Aslan’s invitation, the children begin to enter it, slowly at first but eventually running and not tiring, â€Å"further up and further in.† I remember the first time I read those words. Lewis’ repeated use of the word further intrigued me. Musing on the sentence, I wondered. Why did Lewis choose that word over â€Å"farther†? Far be it from me to question the great British writer and theologian on his choice of words. Rather than wonder, I went on my own quest—a quest to define and understand why Lewis selected the word â€Å"further.† Further and farther are words that cause confusion for many people. I hope that this blog post will help you to simplify the distinction between the two words and how they are used. While it is true that both words have been used interchangeably (moreso in the United Kingdom), the practice is non-standard. Both words operate as adverbs, but interestingly further can also function as a verb. Here’s an example of that: I furthered my understanding of the differences between the words further and farther. Easy enough, right? But people’s confusion between the two typically occurs when they are selecting the adverb form to modify a verb. In my search for clarity, I found a trick that has helped me to keep the words straight. Let’s start with the word farther. In standard American English, this word refers to physical distances. Think â€Å"far† when you use the word farther. I will walk farther tomorrow than I walk today because tomorrow I will be heading to the mall to finish up my Christmas shopping. My feet will travel all over while I search for the perfect gifts for my loved ones. Today I will be sitting and writing for much of the day, which will not allow me to walk very far at all. In contrast to farther, which refers to physical distances, the word further emphasizes a metaphorical distance. In other words, the distance is conceptual. After reading up about the distinctions between the two words, I had come further in my understanding. Hopefully this post has helped you feel more confident in the differences between the two words as well. But it is interesting to think a bit more about the author. Since Lewis was British, is it possible that he selected the word further to reflect both a metaphorical and physical distance? In other words, is Aslan not only commanding the children to journey closer to him in their hearts, is he also desiring them to make a physical journey into his kingdom? I think it is likely. This may underscore the importance of knowing a little bit about the author and his place of birth to gain more insight into his writing. Analyzing Lewis’ use of the word â€Å"further† in this passage sounds like an excellent prompt for a literary analysis essay. Anyone up for the challenge?    Jennifer Mauser  has always loved reading and writing and received a B.A. in English from the University of Kansas in 1991. Once she and her husband had children, they decided to homeschool, and she put all her training to use in the home. In addition to homeschooling her children, Jennifer teaches IEW classes out of her home, coaches budding writers via  email,  and tutors students who struggle with dyslexia.

Bullying Is An Unwanted Of Bullying Essay - 988 Words

Table of Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Overview of research topic 1 2. Discussion of main concepts and issues 1 3. Research Problem 2 4. Research questions and objectives 2 5. Conclusion 2 Terms and Definitions 2 References 2 1. Overview 1.1. Introduction Bullying is an unwanted, aggressive behaviour among same peers that involves a real or perceived power imbalances. The purpose of bullying is to hurt others, either verbally or physically. There are different types of bullying, physical bullying, verbal bullying, physical bullying and social bullying. Physical bullying involves hitting, shoving, pushing, tripping and any kind of force. Verbal bullying, hurting others by hurtful words, calling others by names and teasing them. Social bullying involves electronic communication technologies to hurt someone. Bullying can affect everyone. People who are being bullied, people who bully and people who witness the bullying. Bullied people have a depression, anxiety, feel sad and lonely, changes sleep patterns, eating disorder. People who bully, abuse of substances, dropout of school, have criminal records. Witnesses to the bullying. They skip school, abuse of substance and mental problems. 1.2. Overview of research topic Bullying is a harassment of another person on purpose, is a continuous problem all around the world. Bullying is persistent, direct and harsh during the school years. It extends far beyond fighting or disagreementShow MoreRelatedBullying Is An Unwanted Aggressive Behavior952 Words   |  4 Pages Victim Blaming Bullying is an unwanted aggressive behavior intended to hurt people. There has been bullying incidents in different places. The outcome of all victims who are bullied end up being physically or emotionally injured. Most suicides happen because of bullying. 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Bullying is basically an unwanted behavior among young children, which involves the unexpected variation of strength. This leads into differences among school-aged children, which makes the bullies to have more power to bully other children. The author argues that bullying is now a severe problem which is a blackmail to student s safety (Bul lying, 2016). These sounds do not horrify butRead MoreTypes of Bullying Behavior742 Words   |  3 PagesHow many of you know someone that has been a victim of bullying? or have been victims of a bully? Statistically schools students have a one in seven chance of being on the receiving end of a bullies rage (NBNBD). In the United States, there is an estimated 160,000 children miss school every day due to fear of attack or intimidation by other students (NEA), but what are the contributing factors in school violence? What and why do bullies to want to inflict pain on someone? We need to find theRead MoreBullying Essay804 Words   |  4 PagesBullying 1. Bullying is constant harassment that is either physical, mental, cyber or social bullying. An example of physical bullying is if someone consistently hits you such as if every day at school they hit you that can be classed as physical bullying. A form of mental or emotional bullying is if someone calls you names and is derogatory towards you. These words will make you sad and possibly feel unwanted. Cyber bullying is when someone messages you things either on your phone or some messagingRead MoreBullying Is Not A Major Problem1450 Words   |  6 PagesBullying, by definition â€Å"is unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance† (Stop Bullying). Bullying has quickly become a serious problem in schools, and it negatively impacts both the bully and the victim. Students who have been bullied even once in their lifetime have a higher risk of attempting suicide, and in general have lower self-esteem, causing them to have difficulty maintaining relationships. Bullies themselves also begin to harass

Manifest Destiny in the United States - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 596 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Manifest Destiny Essay Did you like this example? Manifest Destiny was the belief that it was the United States destiny to expand west through North America. They believed God granted them the right to settle and defend this territory. Manifest Destiny, a phrase coined in 1845, expressed the philosophy that drove 19th-century U.S. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Manifest Destiny in the United States" essay for you Create order territorial expansion. (Manifest Destiny 2018). This belief was the basis for US annexation of western territories, some formerly being held by other countries as well as inhabited by Natives. The US did not care who or what was in its way, it was going to expand all the way west as was its destiny. Democrats endorsed manifest destiny, while opposing parties such as whigs opposed it. The US wanted this Southwest territory for a couple of reasons. One of these is that they needed more land for better opportunities for factories and trading. The US was expanding rapidly, but needed a better surplus of things to export. They looked to foreign trading but realized that everything needed was in the area west of the current US. The US also wanted to spread their civilization to other people, as to expand the American way of life. Another defining factor was that the open door policy was made, giving the US and China much opportunity for trade. To expand West was ideal for 19th century Americans, and they were determined to make it a reality. A few cultures were affected by manifest destiny. The white farmers were affected positively, as they now had millions more acres of land to settle and farm on. The farmers definitely benefited from manifest destiny. Another culture was greatly affected by this belief, although negatively, are the Native Americans. This was their home, land, and way of life that was at stake. As the white immigrants moved farther and farther west they took little mind to the Indians territories and pushed them out of their homes, relocating them to reservations that were supposed to be the Natives permanent homes from then on. If they did not leave, they would be entirely wiped out. This led to a mass amount of Indians dying out and entire tribes disappearing from existence. As the US continued to expand further west, Mexico had recently gained their independence. Mexico encouraged US citizens to settle in Texas territory and become Mexican citizens in order to gain more of a population to make it harder for the US to expand into Texas. This situation eventually backfired, as the settlers in Texas fought and won their independence. During the time of Texas being settled while still Mexican land, the US was becoming increasingly worried about the population arising in Texas. They feared that the outcome would be what Mexico wanted, and that they would not be able to annex Texas. Texas independence worked in favor of the US though, as they were able to annex it after 1 year. The border was still disputed by the US and Mexico because Mexico still had much of the land the US desired. As tensions grew, President Polk decided to provoke a war with Mexico in order to gain the land of Texas, New Mexico, and California. The belief of Manifest Destiny shaped what the US is today. If it wasnt for this, the US likely would have been a much smaller size than it is now. It provoked wars, but ultimately benefited in the US in the way our leaders had hoped. The US now had much more land to settle, farm, and industrialize on. Sources Manifest Destiny. History.com, AE Television Networks, 2018, www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/manifest-destiny.

Waste Management Scandal - 861 Words

Waste Management, Inc. is the nations largest waste collector (Feder). In other words, they collect and recycle garbage. They are a known brand and dominate the regions of the country and Canada where they provide services. Grownups and kids alike see their trucks and think, Garbage. Which could sound awful, but garbage is lucrative. In the early 1990s, Waste Management, instead of just picking up the garbage, provided garbage to their investors in the form of an accounting scandal which cost investors approximately $6 billion (Bloomberg News) and was described by Thomas C. Newkirk, associate director of the SECs Division of Enforcement as one of the most egregious accounting frauds we have seen (SEC). What Mr. Newkirk is†¦show more content†¦The failure to record expenses proved addictive to the company as they continued the scheme by not lowering the value of property used for landfills as they were filled with waste which is a common expense item in such an operation (SEC). If Waste Management began a landfill project and for whatever reason abandoned it, recording the expenses of such would be common practice in an ethical company. They were not ethical. As anyone can guess based on the previous inclinations of the company, the expenses were simply not recorded, again inflating profits. Waste Managem ent, unlike every other company in America, simply did not believe in expenses. If they could capitalize a cost instead, thats what occurred. Profits rose and seemingly everyone benefited. Eventually, all such deeds came to the surface as a new CEO came on board in 1998 and ordered a complete accounting of the accounting. What was found startled the financial world but took until 2000 to finally be revealed in full. It was determined that the company had overstated earnings by $1.7 billion between 1992 and 1997, which at the time was the largest restatement in corporate history (SEC). The price of the stock fell from a high of over $50 to less than $15 per share (Finance). I cannot say this restatement affected the greater financial markets as whole but it didShow MoreRelatedWaste Management Scandal883 Words   |  4 PagesWaste Management Scandal BUS 320 Finance 1/8/16 Waste Management Waste Management Incorporated is considered the nations largest waste collector (Feder). Waste Management is a well known brand and dominates regions of the United States and Canada where they provide services. Anyone who sees their trucks tends to think, Garbage. During the early 1990s, instead of just picking up the garbage, Waste Management provided garbage to their investors in the form of an accounting scandal. ThisRead MoreWaste Management Scandal Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesWaste Management Scandal Dean Buntrock established Waste Management, Inc. in 1968. Its main purpose is to pick recycling and garbage up from residential housing and businesses. WM also disposes of the garbage in landfills. It has grown to be the largest garbage disposal company in the U.S. today. This company has managed to survive â€Å"one of the most egregious accounting frauds we have seen† said Thomas C. Newkirk of the SEC. This accounting scandal lasted from 1992 to 1997 and was the resultRead MoreWaste Management Scandal ( 1998 )1173 Words   |  5 PagesWaste Management Scandal (1998) Waste Management Inc. was founded by Dean Buntrock and Wayne Huizenga in 1968. It generated $5.5 million in revenue just the first year and it reached $2 billion in 1985. By 1971, the company became more public after it acquired 133 acquisitions and it became the largest waste hauler in the nation. Waste Management Inc. manages and reduces waste, provides transfer, recycling and disposal services. It is a leading developer in landfill to gas-to-energy and waste-toRead MoreThe 1998 Waste Management Scandal And How It Changed The1201 Words   |  5 PagesThe 1998 Waste Management Scandal and How It Changed the Accounting World This scandal took place in Waste Management Inc. a company which is located in North America. The company offers waste hauling and other environmental management services. The company was started in 1894 by Larry Beck, in addition, the company also operates in air and gas management, environmental engineering, and protection of groundwater. The company grew bigger and became the largest waste management company in the entireRead MoreI Selected Waste Management Inc.858 Words   |  4 PagesI selected Waste Management Inc. for my project. After analyzing organizational issues, I suggested the following recommendations and implementations: Recommendation: 1. People. 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As a nation, we have begun to worry that the growing mounds of wastes will only continue toRead MorePhar Mor Inc. : Overview1724 Words   |  7 Pagesname the new president of the new company Phar-Mor Inc. and by 1987 had increased to 70 stores and had grown even more to 200 stores by 1990 they then expanded into outlet stores in 1992 which had 25,000 employees in 35 different states. Phar-Mor Scandal In 1992 the bankruptcy of Phar-Mor Inc. cost investors $500 million. Financial problems became known in 1988 when investigation of lower-than-expected profit margin showed that Phar-Mor was billed for inventory because they had not received from TamcoRead MoreWaste Management1349 Words   |  6 PagesWaste Management is a publically traded Houston, Texas based waste and environmental services company. Founded in 1894, Waste Management is the largest disposal company in North America, handling over half of the garbage pickup in the United States. In 1998, Waste Management was involved in the largest accounting scandal involving an American company to date. Under the company’s founder and chairman Dean Buntrock, Waste Management implemented unsavory accounting practices which directly inflatedRead MoreThe Code Of Professional Conduct885 Words   |  4 Pagesproper ethical choice† (Synder, 2011). Accounting Scandals The accounting and auditing profession has been constantly making headlines throughout the past decades because of litigation against accountants. This is a major weakness in the Code of Professional Conduct that caused the accounting profession to lose the respect it has gain. In the 1990s to the 2000s accounting scandals from the Waste Management scandal in 1998 to the Saytam scandal in 2009 was discovered one after another, which onlyRead MoreWaste Management Audit Failure1399 Words   |  6 PagesExecutive Summary Background Waste Management, Inc., founded in 1894, offers environmental services to nearly 20 million residential, industrial, commercial, and municipal customers in the US, Canada, and Puerto Rico. With a large customer base, it is difficult to picture such a large company committing fraud. However, between the years of 1992 and 1997, several chief officers in the company engaged in a systematic scheme to falsify and misrepresent Waste Management’s financial results. Heading

Essay about Injustices of Jane Eyre - 854 Words

Readers are exposed to the different reactions of Jane, Helen, and Miss Temple to injustice. In Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s novel, Jane Eyre, there is a great deal of injustice done to these three characters. Jane suffers with injustice throughout her lifetime, from Mrs. Reed’s abuse to Mr. Brocklehurst’s false accusations. She finds it hard to ignore it and always wants to take revenge. Although Helen also suffers from injustice in Lowood, she does not take action because she believes that justice will be found in G-d’s ultimate judgment. Miss Temple, a teacher at Lowood, is a great role model to the girls at Lowood. If injustice is done to her students, she will stand in their defense and only look at the good. Jane, Helen, and Miss Temple†¦show more content†¦Brocklehurst would expel you from the school, that would be a great grief to your relations. It is better to endure patiently a smart which nobody feels but yourself, than to commit a has ty action whose evil consequences will extend to all connected with you, and, besides, the bible bids us return good for evil’† (Brontà « 47). Janes resolution, firmness and tenacity are seen in the way she tries to overcome the oppression which she has to face throughout her life. Helen Burns has a very different perspective than Jane. She is able to accept everything that happens to her and when punished, she feels that she deserves it. Helen is a great believer in G-d and is determined to live by biblical precepts. While Helen is not oblivious to the injustices the girls suffer at Lowood, she believes that punishments and rewards will be received in the next world. â€Å"[Jane] heard her with wonder: I could not comprehend this doctrine of endurance, and still less could I understand a sympathise with the forbearance she expressed for her chastiser. Still I felt that Helen Burns considered things by a light invisible to my eyes. I suspected she might be rig ht or wrong, but I would not ponder the matter deeply: like Felix, I put it off to a more convenient season† (Brontà « 47). Although she is picked on and reprimanded for all her misdeeds,Show MoreRelated Suffering and Injustice in the Opening Chapters of Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre3724 Words   |  15 PagesSuffering and Injustice in the Opening Chapters of Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre At the time the novel Jane Eyre was written, it was very difficult for women writers to have their books published. Charlotte Brontà « was very aware of the problem, and cleverly changed her name to Currer Bell so the book would be accepted. Luckily for Charlotte, her novel Jane Eyre was published in October 1847, and since writing this novel, Charlotte Brontà « has become very popular, and a classic author. TheRead MoreCharlotte Bronte ´s Jane Eyre: A Victorian Criticism737 Words   |  3 Pageswell known for its many injustices, such as its rigid social class structure, mistreatment of the poor, and strict gender roles. Victorian authors, such as Charles Dickens, Matthew Arnold, George Elliot, and the Bronte sisters criticized these injustices in their works. Charlotte Bronte, who lived during the Victorian Era, wrote about the society’s injustices in her novels Jane Eyre, Shirley, and The Professor. The novel Jane Eyre is Charlotte Bronte’s response to the injustices of the Victorian EraRead MoreFeminism in Jane Eyre and the wide sargasso sea Essay1061 Words   |  5 PagesLadan Abdullahi Feminism in Jane eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea A patriarchal society is a world in which men are the sole decision makers and hold positions of power and the highest authority. Patriarchy occurs when men are dominant, not necessarily in numbers but in their status related to decision making and power. As a result, women are introduced to a world made by men, and a history refined by a mans actions. In jean Rhys Wide Sargasso Sea, the author focuses on the history of Bertha, oneRead MoreThe Upbringing Of Orphans By Charles Dickens And Jane Eyre1714 Words   |  7 Pagesupbringing of Orphans in a time of social injustice. The 19th century Victorian era contrasted of different social classes; the wealthy, the working and the poor classes, which led to the forms of social order in society. It also encompassed some of the most famous literary works that till today impact the lives of many, and leads readers to wonder about the injustices of the conditions of the orphans. The novels Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens 1838 and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte 1847 depicted muchRead MoreJane Eyre Feminist Analysis1066 Words   |  5 Pageshysterical, impudent, and presumptuous for acting on their true nature or their intuition. Jane Eyre, a semi-autobiography by Charlotte Brontà «, is an exemplary novel where an untraditional heroine defies societal normality. The female protagonist Jane Eyre exhibits a self-created drive for personal success and a perpetual ambition to learn, characteristics customary of men. After the publication of Jane Eyre, many critics has viewed it through the feminist literary lenses, c laiming it to contain biblicalRead MoreConforming To Society’S Rules Is Not An Option For Everyone.1127 Words   |  5 Pagesorphan Jane Eyre. Jane lived during the Victorian Era in England. During this time period women did not have the same freedoms as men, so as of result women lived under constant oppression. Women had to suffer loveless marriages and the inability to survive without men. Not only, were women oppressed emotionally they were not able to be independent from men. Jane Eyre objects the rules of society and attempts to find passion and independence in her life. Within Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà «, Jane Eyre’sRead MoreJane Eyre : A Fight For Women s Equality1749 Words   |  7 Pages Jane Eyre: A Fight for Women’s Equality Feminism: the doctrine advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men (dictionary.com). Throughout history, women have fought for and struggled with gaining full and absolute equality in society--which has proven to be difficult in the long-cultivated patriarchal society that we still live in today. In modern times, women continue to be paid less than men, are vastly underrepresented, and face many forms of violence aroundRead More Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre - The Victories of Jane Eyre Essay918 Words   |  4 PagesVictories of Jane Eyrenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; All people live by their own codes of conduct. Everyone, be they male or female, young or old, has their own sets of values, which they adhere to and which are unchanging even in the face of personal or societal pressures and conflicts to give them up. In Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, Jane is tempted many times to acquiesce to others wishes and, thereby, give up her own moral standards and beliefs. Yet Jane remains steadfastRead More Sexism Exposed in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSexism Exposed in Brontà «s Jane Eyre       The Victorian era in England marked a period of unprecedented technological, scientific, political, and economic advancement.   By the 1840s, the English had witnessed remarkable industrial achievements including the advent of the railways and the photographic negative.   They had witnessed the expansion of the Empire, and, as a result, were living in a time of great economic stability.   Yet they had also seen thousands of people starving-and dying-dueRead MoreRole Of Childhood In Jane Eyre1118 Words   |  5 PagesDiscuss the presentation of childhood in Jane Eyre and Hard Times It is important to appreciate historical context when studying literature in order to gain as thorough understanding of the text as possible. Jane Eyre is a bildungsroman novel originally published in the 19th Century when Victorian attitudes to childhood differed considerably from today. Victorian England was a very patriotic society. Both Jane Eyre and Hard Times were written in an era of social upheaval. During the 17th and

Periodic Classification of Elements Free Essays

Periodic Classification of Elements Classification of Elements according to electron configuration ( type of subshell being filled) *valence electrons –outer electrons of atom which are those involved in chemical bonding ; accounts for similarities in chemical behavior among elemens within each of this groups * Representative elements/ Main Group elements * Group 1A-7A * Incompletely filled s/ p subshells Display a wide range of physical and chemical properties * Most reactive and most predictable with respect to periodic properties * most abundant elements on the earth, in the solar system, and in the universe * Group number equals the number of electrons in the highest / outermost energy level H  Ã‚  Ã‚  1s1| Li  Ã‚  Ã‚  2s1| Na  Ã‚  Ã‚  3s1| * Noble Gases * Group 8A * Completely filled p subshell (exc. He) * Great stability * Except krypton and xenon, elements in noble gases are totally inert chemically * The noble gases are all found in minute quantities in the atmos phere, and are isolated by fractional distillation of liquid air. helium| 1s2| neon| [He]2s22p6| argon| [Ne]3s23p6| * Transition Metals * Group 1B and 3B-8B * Incompletely filled d subshells * Readily produce cations * ductile and malleable, and conduct electricity and heat * exhibit several common oxidation states * Less predictable properties * 2B (Zinc, Mercury etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Periodic Classification of Elements or any similar topic only for you Order Now )- neither representative elements nor transition metals * Transition metal compounds are  paramagnetic  when they have one or more unpaired  d  electrons. Sc 4s23d1| Ti 4s23d2| V 4s23d3| * Inner Transition Metals Lanthanides/rare earth series- Follow lanthanum Actinides- follow actinium; most of these elements are not found in nature but have been synthesized * Incompletely filled f subshells * Cerium: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f2 Praseodymium:1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f3 Electron Configurations of Cations and Anions Ions derived from Representative Elements Cation- electrons removed Anion- electrons added Isoelectronic – ions or atoms and ions that have the same number of electrons, and hence the same ground state electron configuration Cations derived from transition Metals Prepared By: Monina Te How to cite Periodic Classification of Elements, Papers

Soldiers Home free essay sample

A Soldier’s Struggle Have you ever felt like you did not belong? In Earnest Hemmingway’s â€Å"Soldier’s Home†, Krebs, a young soldier returning from the horrific battle field in World War One, comes home and feels completely out of place. He is unable to feel any emotion towards family and friends, causing him to detach from society. The town is unchanged by the war, where Krebs has lost so much. He completely isolates himself, hiding the tragedy he faces daily. Although Krebs struggles to change his behaviors and personality in order to continue to be accepted in the town, he is hesitant to conform to the post-war society. As soon as Krebs arrives home from war, he can see how difficult it is to conform to a society where he knows he does not belong. Krebs comes home years after the war is over, missing the elaborate welcoming of his fellow soldiers. â€Å"People seem to think it was rather ridiculous for Krebs to be getting back so late, years after the war was over† (Hemingway 187). â€Å"Krebs made an effort to stay away, as shown by his delayed return years after the war was finished. This time away from home, was his way of not dealing with the building conflict within him† (Comtois). As Krebs tries to talk to people in the town about his experiences at war, no one wants to listen; they have heard numerous stories of the soldiers who have been home longer than he. Krebs then realizes he has to lie to keep anyone’s attention; other soldiers have been doing the same. He cannot keep up with the gruesome details the other soldiers have told, leaving his less gory stories meaningless to the people in the town. Krebs begins to feel nauseas as he continuously lies and exaggerates about his experiences at war. Struggling to make his personality appear ‘normal’, Krebs keeps to himself. In this time period, men are expected to find a suitable job, meet a woman, and settle down; Krebs is doing the complete opposite. He is uncomfortable with the process of courting; he does not think women are worth the time and effort. Also, Krebs thinks while he is getting to know women the war will be brought up, causing him to lie more and more. †He did not want any consequences. He did not want any consequences ever again. He wanted to live alone without consequences. Besides he did not really need a girl† (Hemingway 188). Krebs’s experiences at war have shifted the way he feels about women and life. Krebs wants everything to be simple. The world seems so complex. Young women look modern and everyone is involved in political relationships with everyone else† (SparkNotes). He also seems truly incapable of complexity; Krebs has to try harder than most to fit in the town; consequently, he realizes it is not worth staying. Fairly early in the story, Krebs’s mother tries to convince him to fall into the normal path of a man at his age. She believes he has been home long enough doing ‘nothing’, that it is time for him to grow up. His mother begins to bring up other men in town who have made the accomplishments that she wishes him to pursue: â€Å"Charley Simmons, who is just your age, has a good job and is going to be married. The boys are all settling down; they’re all determined to get somewhere; you can see that boys like Charley Simmons are on their way to being really a credit to the community† (Hemingway 191). Krebs’s mother and father continue to compare him to other people in town; these boys have not experienced what he has. They are going to behave differently than men who have seen death, tragedy, and despair. While trying to convince him to get a job, she tells him,† There can be no idle hands in [God’s] Kingdom. † He replies, â€Å"I’m not in His Kingdom† (Hemingway 190). â€Å"His mother, in despair, asks whether he loves her, and Harold responds quite truthfully that he does not. His entire worldview has been skewed by his traumatic experiences in the war, and the ability to genuinely love requires and emotional balance he lost during the war† (WriteWork). Krebs loses his romanticism during the war; he is incapable of feeling any kind of emotion due to his traumatic encounters in Europe. While Krebs is away at war, the town has gone through very little. Nothing was changed in town except that the young girls had grown up† (Hemingway 188). â€Å"World War One (WWI) was arguably the most costly conflict in human history† (WriteWorks). Krebs witnesses horrific battles and deaths while everyone in town is exactly the same. No one, other than the other soldiers, has any idea what he goes through, making him feel as if he is even more alone than before. â€Å"[Krebs’s] experiences in Europe changed him irrevocably, and this change is dramatically played out against the backdrop of a town where nothing has changed for years, his father parks his same car in the ame place he did before the war, and the girls walking down the street look like the same girls with whom Harold went to school† (WriteWork). Krebs is completely alienated from others, including his family. In order for Krebs to maintain his existence, he is forced to choose isolation. While being completely alone, Krebs realizes he is finally starting to feel happy again. â€Å"†¦things were getting good again† (Hemingway 189). Throughout Earnest Hemmingway’s â€Å"Soldier’s Home†, Krebs is in conflict with himself and society. As he sees the horrible scenes at war, he is a different man; no one understands him anymore. Krebs has lost his ability to love and communicate, causing him to be alone in life. The town represents how society is continuously setting the bar on how people should act, regardless of the circumstances. Feeling misunderstood as soon as he returns, Krebs decides to keep to himself for the remainder of the story; moreover, feeling like an outcast in the town. Even though he never conforms to the new environment, Krebs has a hard time dealing with affection and being social.

Six Sigma The Breakthrough Strategy Revolutionizing

Question: Describe about the Six Sigma for The Breakthrough Strategy Revolutionizing? Answer: What would you suggest should be the outcome from this project? Ans. Six-sigma is an essentially a significant set of tools and techniques used and implemented towards the improvement of the processes and systems. As Bob has made up a team for design and implementation of the six-sigma method in the business system, to increase accuracy and thereby increasing the number of good quality Printed Circuit Boards, with minimized flaws. The outcomes of the six-sigma methodology implementation are expected to be improvement of the business processes, through which the PCBs are manufactured with the least possible flaws. The objective is to make the quality assurance, in terms of making the PCBs with no quality issues. The quality control team is expected to implement the full-fledged six-sigma methodology continuously in the business process so that the flaw-less products are manufactured in the company. The new methodology should be able to redefine the processes that will be consistently active for the entire tenure of the business. Fishbone diagram a nd SPC are expected to be the part of finding out the root causes of the possible flaws in manufacturing of the electronic circuits. At the end of the implementation or at the end of the project of implementing the six-sigma methodology, the quality manufacturing and relevant processes should become part of the thought and work processes. The ultimate goal of the project is to enhance customer satisfaction, by delivering the quality PCB electronic devices. Prevention versus Detection Business improvement needs two important factors to be done. The first factor is to find out the wasteful or unproductive or practices and steps in the system. It is usually done through the Lean methods, called Kaizen Events, 5S and Kanban. This is time driven factor analysis and improvement of the lean method in the business can reduce the wastage of time. On the other hand the second factor is quality driven, which is the six-sigma and it is more of analytical approach, based on the statistics of the history. The objective is to reduce the defects of the final products. Though these two methods look to be different, both of them do have the common objective of improving the quality of the products and thereby the customer satisfaction. So, both prevention and detection are required to be done. The important quality characteristics to discuss in the six-sigma project here is to think big and go for larger is the best, so increasing the accuracy and quality of the electronic circuits made. How might the team apply these aspects to the production line above? Ans. The team of six-sigma project is expected to start to collect all the statistics in regards to the entire business processes and the results, in terms of the final products and the quality of the same. Here, if they see only the process, it may look ideal, however, to understand and analyse the effectiveness of the quality of the product, voice of the customer becomes a potential feedback factor. So, it is important to consider the voice of processes and voice of the customers. After analysing the present state of the business processes, six-sigma methodologies are to be adapted in order to improve the business system. It needs to shift the mark of the standards to a specific percentage, in terms of the good circuit boards, with no defects or flaws. When six sigma is going to be implemented, the ideal accuracy of quality expected to be 99.99966% or the number of good boards produced by the company must be not less than this specified percentage. DMAIC Model Phases The specific 99.99966% of good quality production is possible, when any of the six-sigma methodologies are implemented and here we choose DMAIC model phase. DMAIC model phase consists of the processes in the following order of sequence. Define The problem in the production of the electronic boards are to be explored and so the problem has to be defined through quantifying the products, like 700 boards are manufactured every working day and how many are going defective and the percentage of defective pieces and so the percentage of the defect-free boards. Measure The present scenario of the production, the number of good boards, defect boards is to be measured through certain Key Parameter Indicators or metrics, like testing the strength, temperature to withstand, check of the accuracy of the shape at certain calibrated values. Analyse Then the root causes are to be analysed, of which processes are causing these defects, like soldering issues, defective component usage, operative training issues, human errors, etc. Improve Once the root causes are known, the strategy has to be defied and implemented to improve certain processes. It is important to set a target and then certain measures, in terms of the Key Performance Indicators or simply metrics. Control Sustainment strategies are to be identified and practised throughout the life of the business to ensure the set number of good boards is made. It needs clear understanding and monitoring of the manufacturing processes. Since the Pareto principle reveals that the 80% of the problem impact is shown by 20% causes. The important and potential factors are to be displayed in the bar chart. Produce a metric chart for a six-sigma project The present status of manufacturing of the electronic circuit boards is as follows. Electronic boards manufactured in an hour 100 Number of working hours in a shift 7 Boards manufactured in a shift or a day 700 Defect boards per day ~19 Approximate Rejection rate of boards 2.7% Accept rate of boards 97.3% So, making the manufacture of products to be remained the same, the rejection rate of the boards has to be decreased, by decreasing the number of defect boards per day. So, the rejection rate has to be decreased from 2.7% and the accept rate must be increased to 97.3%. It is ideal to get 100% accept level, however, it is not rational, as is near to impossible. So, the accuracy level has to be set according to the six sigma level. So, when six-sigma is implemented, the possible acceptance rate can be improved from 97.3% to 99.99966%. What is the critical to quality characteristics (CTQ) of the PCBs from the electronics line? There are certain important critical to quality characteristics defined for the manufacture of quality Printed Circuit Boards through primary research and secondary research, in terms of customer satisfaction. The primary research is to be done by setting physical standards for the boards, like laminate material, board thickness, hole tolerance, gold fingers, controlled dielectric, logo markings, trace, etc. The secondary research factors can be collected in the form of feedback from the customers like customer service, customer correspondence, industry benchmarking and customer ratings, etc. Where has this requirement has been set? The critical to quality characteristics requirements are to be set by the focus groups and customer service section and these standards are to be kept during the measuring phase of the DMAIC model. Expand on the consequences of not meeting the CTQ requirements. The objective of six-sigma project is to improve the quality of products, thereby increasing the productivity and so the profits of the company. However, in the worst cases, the consequences are also to be considered in case of failure of the project. In case the project gets failed, the initiator of the project will be accountable for all possible damage. The possible damages can be loss of time of project, cost of the project and efforts on the project. In addition, these losses can lead to further losses, like losses found in the finance department, all relevant stakeholders involved in the processes and there can be other manufacturing issues, as there is an attempt of changing the processes. Altogether, there can be damage to the reputation and brand of the company, if the potential working processes are not disturbed or deteriorate. References Hammer, M. 2002. Process management and the future of Six Sigma. MIT Sloan Management Review, Winter Harry, M. and Schroeder, R. 200 Six Sigma: The Breakthrough Strategy Revolutionizing the Worlds Top Corporations. New York, NY Hoerl, R. W. and Snee, R. D. 2002. Statistical Thinking: Improving Business Performance. San Jose, CA: Duxbury Press/Thompson Learning. Henderson, K. M. and Evans, J. R. 2000. Successful Implementation of Six Sigma: Benchmarking General Electric Company. Benchmarking: An International Journal, Vol. 7 Hoerl, R. W. 1998. Six Sigma and The Future of Quality Profession. Quality Progress, Vol. 31 Kerzner, H. 2003. Project Management Case Studies. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons Montgomery, D. C. 2001. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th edition. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.

Tips For Writing An Essay That Inspires

Tips For Writing An Essay That InspiresWriting a woman who inspires me essay sample will help you in writing the right kind of essay and for finding the right kind of woman who inspires you. I will take you through some essential points regarding the essay and all you need to do is focus on the ideas, concepts and text.- Make your essay interesting facts- Yes, this part is extremely important as there are many amazing and wonderful women who inspire me and this can be achieved by writing a very interesting fact about the topic. Make it interesting by using simple and clear words that can draw attention to the essay and make the reader remember it forever. It should be able to stir his interest.- Making the right point- You have to state the point clearly and also make it interesting. Try to get your point across effectively and make the reader to understand and see the importance of it. Thus you have to keep in mind the importance of the essay in making the reader keep you in mind.- Your own style- You have to use your own style. You have to tell about yourself and if you have any flaw or fault and therefore you have to create your own style of writing.- Flow- part- Always try to keep the flow smooth. This is very important as it helps the readers understand your point clearly and helps you make the readers. Keep in mind that people like to hear the people who talk so that it gets possible to communicate with them and this is one of the reasons why you must always keep the flow smooth.- The main task- You have to try to convince the readers that you are the most amazing and remarkable woman ever and the other women are not able to match up to your skills and abilities. Therefore you have to try to make the reader believe this, to show that you are an expert and above all else this will help you to impress the readers.Now you can easily find lots of article samples that are suitable for writing essays that can impress the readers and can also help you do your jo b well. Do a search online and you will find out lots of articles and samples that will suit you.

Once A Day Essays (94 words) - , Term Papers

Once A Day Once a day Twice a day How many times We say mean things No one knows No one cares No one listen No one laughs Some people stay quiet Some people talk a lot Some people smile Some people laugh Some people listen Once a day Twice a day How many times We ignore We ignore the ones Who care about us We ignore the ones Who care about us We ignore the ones Who listen We ignore the ones Who love us Once a day Twice a day How many people Think We think of things that are unkind We think of things that Are nice We think of things that We take for granted. We think of things that We want. Poetry and Poets

MS Project Memo essays

MS Project Memo essays Organization, time, and money management are essential to successful business, project, and team management. MS Project software includes a host of tools applicable to any project or task. The application enables users to design a plan of action and clearly outlines the steps necessary for its timely and efficient completion. Moreover, multiple members of a team can view, edit, and track changes to the project data. Microsoft's Project software also works in tandem with other applications in the MS Office suite, enabling users to transfer data between other applications like MS Word or Excel. Finally project reports can be printed using charts, graphics, and text, so team members can have visual aides. Plans can be easily changed or updated during the course of project management. First-time users may find that MS Office has a high learning curve, as it contains a wide range functions and menus. The graphical user interface (GUI) seems daunting at times, too. Help options are limited as is the basic manual included with the software package. Because of this, users may be unaware of how powerful the software actually is and should rely on support from more experienced coworkers. Because MS Project is a team- oriented application, opportunities for informal problem solving among Given that the cost of the software is within our budget and that we do rely heavily on team-based initiatives, I strongly recommend that we invest in the product. MS Project will help us become more organized and plan our projects more efficiently, which will save us time and money in the long run. Each project can be broken down into individual parts with dates of expected completion and each team member will be clear about their specific responsibilities. Moreover, MS Project integrates with other MS Office software that we use regularly. With Project we will also be less ...

BMW X5 Advertising campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

BMW X5 Advertising campaign - Essay Example The BMW pays more attention on offering the customer with the element of performance by way of pinpoint navigation furthermore with exactitude suspension system that would place the driver in situation where he / she would be able to be in contact with his/her atmosphere as well as notify the driver of the instantaneous environment. The direct opponents for the BMW consist of the extravagance car manufacturers from Japan, the United States and the additional European countries. Internationally BMW's leading US contenders are ford, Cadillac, Lincoln, Buick and Chrysler .Furthermore the Japanese competitors consist of Lexus Honda and Toyota .The BMW contends close by within Germany plus internationally with the other EU corporations. Like the Mercedes Benz, Audi in addition to the Jaguar. BMW targets the prosperous women among the ages of twenty five moreover forty. In view of the fact that within the practical luxury markets the conventional male authority is decreasing the target market of BMW is made up of both the genders. (Marion Maguire, 2004) While BMW still aims for the luxury car market stratosphere (the 7-Series and Rolls, neither of which amount to much) and slums it in the lower reaches (the premium-priced MINI line), the propeller badge might as well be a rifle sight. And yuppies are in the crosshairs. No car until today has been recognized with a meticulous tread of the corporate ladder than a BMW. Nobody articulates "mover and shaker" further than an alphabet broth 3 otherwise 5 inside a reserved parking position. This is not the top window; the truthfully exceedingly positioned drive with a little more charisma. The BMW is the ne plus ultra for the upper middle executives, the commercial clones whose cars ought to stand out from the common, cynics may pronounce practical machines motivated by the corporation's minor lights. Through out the travel. Within the Ultimate Driving Machine. It does not really matter if a BMW tends to subsist up to its leash line, presently as long as this company suit-wearing herd associate purchases the brief. The eventual driving in query is representational; the BMW brand signifies the single intelligence "drive" acknowledged as the individual aspiration. Not to create an expression, if you possess a BMW, you are moving frontward. Over and done. Upwards. The BMW's current, extraordinary accomplishment is attached almost completely to the volatile accomplishment of this well nourished corporate demographic. A few disputes that the brands budge down marketplace have damaged their brand prestige. The contradictory may perhaps be factual. Sarcastic as it hums, alluring to the upper middle class bunch approach might have forced the propeller people's goods to even better stature, sales wise Andrew Dederer 2008. Competition: Q7 of Audi Through the advent of an innovative description of the BMW X5, Drive figured it was a good quality point in time to appraise the higher end of soft roader region. An approximate 70 per cent of the sales of the innovative X5 are diesels - despite the detail that it fetches an $1800 premium over the petrol

International Organizations Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Organizations - Thesis Example To support the thesis, the following format will be implemented: Realism. Under this theory, A, B, C and so on does exist. They have properties of F-ness, G-ness, and H-ness. Such factors are different from the person’s individual beliefs, cultures, wants, needs, caprices, etc. According to Woods, Global politics must come to the rescue of Africa. The country’s poverty situation has brought the political leaders and international organizations to help alleviate the Africa’s famine situation. Neo-institutionalism. It focuses on describing the social theory of developing a sociological view of institutions. They way they react and affect society. This explains why so many businesses have similar organizational structures. Institutions operate within an environment composed of other institutions (institutional environment). In layman’s terms. Peer pressure affects the decisions of other organizations. Thus, organizations try to survive by establishing legitim acy in the world. Such organizations influence how a person behaves through rules, norms, and standards. According to Woods, The world bank is struggling to fund IDA (788) where the U.S. cut funding on IDA. Likewise, the HIPC situation indicated the United States Congress is funding its debt relief in 2000. Constructivism (ideas), theory that states knowledge is based on mental activity. Learners have to be active organisms seeking meaning. The learners are individuals or groups seeking for meaning. Here, individuals create their own reality.

Making Effective Business Decisions Through Accounting

Making Effective Business Decisions Through Accounting â€Å"The process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions by users of the information†. According to American Accounting Association Committee, 1966. This may be considered as a good definition because of its focus on accounting as an help to decision making. Writing an essay on this topic brings an attention on how accounting helps manager in taking effective business decision. It is very important for any organization to take good business decision as to grow business by minimal cost. So, In order to make good decision People and organization need useful information. There is where Accounting plays a key role. Accounting helps management to determine whether a business is at a loss or a profit, how much company owe, and other such financial information. There are certain Accounting measures can helps managers in the right direction with effective information. Accounting Information helps management make sound business decisions on a timely and effectively manner. Performance Management’s measuring tool, Balance Score is effective in taking business decision through its four perspectives (Financial perspective, Customer Perspective, Internal Perspective and Innovation Learning perspective) According to Armstrong’s (2009, pg 10) Performance Management (Briscoe and Claus, 2008): It is the system through which organization set work goals, determine performance standards, assign and evaluate work, provide performance feedback, determine training and development needs and distribute rewards. So, the purpose of performance management is with the aim to improve performance. Overall its purpose is to make clear that how employees’ performance is related to performance of the business. Hence, Balance scorecard is used in this essay to understand the performance management in terms of helping managers taking business decision The balance scorecard (BSC) is a tool to measure the operational activities of small- and large-scale companies and their association with each others in terms of strategies and vision. It focuses on organizational strategies and the creation of balance for perspectives (financial, customers, internal processes, and learning and growth), and manages and evaluates complex organizations. (Abdullah S. Al-Mudimigh, 2009, pg 347) The Balanced Scorecard concept has been successfully employed by many companies in recent years to better measure their financial results. According to one study, fully 40 per cent of Fortune 500 companies were using this system to evaluate performance at the end of 2000. Hence, it is being adopted by many companies across the world today cutting across the nature of the industry, types of business, geographical and other barriers (Punniyamoorthy, R. Murali, 2008) BSC essentially is a means of focusing employees attention on desired behavior and desired results. By combining financial and non-financial measures in a single report the BSC aims to provide the managers with effective and more relevant information about activities they are managing than is provided by financial measures alone. The BSC approach provides a clear prescription as to what companies should measure in order to â€Å"balance† the implications in all the functional areas, arising out of the strategic intent. (Punniyamoorthy, R. Murali, 2008) The strategic content of the company can be grouped under different perspectives, which will cover the entire activity of the firm. Kaplan and Norton (1992) introduced four different perspectives through which the firms entire activity can be integrated. First is Financial perspective is about to succeed financially how should we appear to our shareholders? Timely and accurate financial data will always be a priority, and the managers will work necessarily to provide it. Typically financial goals have to do with profitability, growth and shareholders’ value. In the 1980, a chemicals company became committed to total management quality program, in this case the different managers and operating personnel who now had found their monthly financial reports to be irrelevant, But one enterprising department manager saw things differently. He created a daily income statement. Each day, he estimated the value of the output from the production process using the estimated market prices a nd subtracted the expenses of raw materials, energy, and capital consumed in the production process. To approximate the cost of producing out of conformance product, he cut the revenues from off-spec output by 50% to 100%. So we can say that the daily financial report gave powerful feedback and managers to take decision. The customer perspective represents a significant area of concern for managers in the hotel sector and indicates a need for performance measures which can adequately reflect such important customer oriented factors as the quality of services provided and the increasing incidence of non-financial competition between hotel companies. For example, A semi-conductor company asked each major customer to rank the company against comparable suppliers on efforts to improve quality, delivery time, and price performance when the manufactures discovered that it ranked in the middle, managers made improvement that moved the company to the top of customer’s rankings. (Kaplan and Norton, HBR, 1992). Customer satisfaction is the most important aspect of an organization; it is related to the service and the value of the product. The customer must get its worth for buying and getting services, therefore through the financial report of total revenues indicates the product state in the market, th is is the way that managers get the current market information and helps their company by taking right steps at right time. Innovation and learning perspective ,If hotel organizations are to be successful – and, it is to be hoped, remain successful – they must continually make improvements both to their existing services and to their operations and processes, as well as developing and introducing new ones. It is only by this continual process of improvement and innovation that companies can grow. As the Rockwaterw was plagued by long closeout cycles at the end of many of its construction projects. Some customers delayed their final payment by the more that 100days, leading to high accounts receivable and low return – on – capital employes. Rockwater executives specified, as the result customer were delaying in payment. So Rockwater identified, as an entirely new internal process, that project managers should continually be communicating with the customer about the progress and expected completion of the project, and asking the customer for prompt payment. Balance score’s financial perspective also focus on Internal perspective its also helps in deciding which operations, processes, competences and skills their organizations must excel at if customer demands are to be met adequately. Moreover, it is essential that such internal measures relate to those areas which are most likely to have the greatest impact on customer satisfaction. For example, a major office products manufacture, wanting to respond rapidly to changes in the marketplace, set out to reduce cycle time by 50%. Lower levels of the organization aimed to radically cut the times required to process customer orders, order and receive material from suppliers, move materials and products between plants, produce and assemble products, and products to customers. Thus, In the conclusion the evidence presented in the essay state that Balance score card result into very important business decision making tool through its four perspectives. It gives accurate finding and on which managers are able to find effective ways to implement the new ideas by taking better business decision. References Abdullah S. Al-Mudimigh, 2009 pg 347, ‘CRM score card-Based management system: Performance evaluation of Saudi Arabian Bank, 2009, Macmillan Publishers Ltd. 1743-6540 Journal of Digital Assets Management Vol. 5, 6, 347-351, EBSCO database Michel Armstrong’s, 2009 4th ed., Handbook of Performance Management evidence – Based guide to delivering high performance, Kogan Page Limited. M. Punniyamoorthy, R. Murali, (2008), Benchmarking: An International Journal, Vol. 15 Iss: 4, pp.420 – 443, Emertald Database Meena Chavan, 2009, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 28 Iss: 5, pp.393 – 406, , Emerald Database Robert s. Kaplan and David Norton, The Balance score card –Measures that Drive performance, Harvard Business Review, January –February 1992 http://www.slideshare.net/gangappalogged/harvard-the-balanced-scorecard-measures-that-drive-performance-foundredsamaracom Gary Porter, Curtis Norton, 7th Edition, Financial Accounting: The Impact on Decision Makers, CengageBrain.com, According to American Accounting Association Committee,1966 Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton, â€Å"The Balanced Scorecard† Harvard Business school press Boston, Massachusetts. Handbook Assessment Criteria – Essay/Report

Education School Essay

Education is a topic that has been implemented on our generation more than ever before. However, it is not for the grades, degree or the income that education should be important to us. It is for the sake of learning and developing our character that education should be valued. When people go to school, they receive education and thus become educated, however, these people must keep in mind that a major portion of the world receives no form of formal education. Due to their good fortune, the educated people have responsibilities to the world. The first responsibility of an educated person is to help educate others. This may come in the form of teaching classes, tutoring, helping others or simply correcting errors. When we teach people we spread the value of education and share skills that are essential for survival. Other people are able to think rationally and evolve into a self dependent person through the knowledge they attain. Once people are educated, they are able to prevent others from taking advantage of them or cheating them. Through education, people are also able to use the resources they own efficiently and sparingly. Finally, education allows people from different nationalities and locations to communicate and work together in a beneficial harmony. The second responsibility of an educated person is to aim to advance to a better future. It is through evolution that we have become more intellectual and learned. For this process to be beneficial and continuous, we must use it and upgrade it through our use. In the past, communication was a problematic process, today; we have e-mail accounts, cell phones, chat sites, video chat sites and messengers for instant communication. Presently, global warming and oil depletion are major complications. If we are able to advance and address this problem, we would be using our education beneficially. There would be less violence over oil and the future would be a less worrisome place if global warming was tackled. However, this is just one amongst the billions of changes we could make, all to create a better future. The third responsibility of an educated person is to create or maintain stability and order in the world. Through stability and order, the world  becomes a much safer place where people share respect for each other and live in harmony. When there is order, people are insured of payments for their services. They are motivated to work-hard and use positive, instead of negative means to earn their income. Thus, through stability and order, ethics can also be implemented into people. Thus, the three main responsibilities of an educated person are to educate others, aim for a better future and create as well as maintain stability in the world. Through these goals, the world becomes a positive place and continues to flourish after each generation.

Juvenile delinquency: an integrated approach Essay

Rick: A â€Å"Delinquent Youth† The youth court adjudicated or judged Rick, a 14-year-old, a â€Å"delinquent youth,† for motor vehicle theft and placed him on formal probation for six months. He and a good friend took without permission a car that belonged to Rick’s father. They were pulled over by the police for driving erratically—a classic case of joyriding. Rick was already a familiar figure in the juvenile court. When Rick was 12, he was referred to the court for â€Å"deviant sex† for an incident in which he was caught engaging in sexual activity with a 14-year-old girl. The juvenile court dealt with this offense â€Å"informally.† A probation officer met with Rick and his parents to work out an agreement of informal probation that included â€Å"conditions† or rules, but no petition into court. Not long after this first offense, Rick was taken into custody by the police for curfew violation and, on a separate occasion, vandalism—he and his good friend had gotten drunk and knocked down numerous mailboxes along a rural road. In both of these instances, Rick was taken to the police station and released to his parents. Even though Rick’s first formal appearance in juvenile court was for the auto theft charge, he was already well-known to the police and probation departments. Rick was a very likable kid; he was pleasant and personable. He expressed a great deal of remorse for his delinquent acts and seemed to genuinely desire to change. He had a lot going for him; he was goal-directed, intelligent, and athletic. He interacted well with others, including his parents, teachers, and peers. His best friend, an American Indian boy who lived on a nearby reservation, was the same age as Rick and had many similar personal and social characteristics. Not surprisingly, the boy also had a very similar offense record. In fact, Rick and his friend  were often â€Å"companions in crime,† committing many of their delinquent acts together. Rick was the adopted son of older parents who loved him greatly and saw much ability and potential in him. They were truly perplexed by the trouble he was in, and they struggled to understand why Rick engaged in delinquent acts and what needed to be done about it. Rick, too, seemed to really care about his parents. He spent a good deal of time with them and apparently enjoyed their company. Because Rick was adopted as an infant, these parents were the people he considered family. Rick attended school regularly and earned good grades. He was not disruptive in the classroom or elsewhere in the school. In fact, teachers reported that he was a very positive student both in and out of class and that he was academically motivated. He did his homework and handed in assignments on time. He was also actively involved in sports—football, wrestling, and track and field. Rick’s six months of formal probation for auto theft turned into a twoyear period as he continued to get involved in delinquent acts. Through regular meetings and enforcement of probation conditions, his probation officer tried to work with Rick to break his pattern of delinquency. Such efforts were to no avail. Rick continued to offend, resulting in an almost routine series of court hearings that led to the extension of his probation supervision period. The Study of Juvenile Delinquency The continuing pattern of delinquency included a long list of property and status offenses: minor in possession of alcohol, numerous curfew violations, continued vandalism, minor theft (primarily shoplifting), and continued auto theft, usually involving joyrides in his father’s car. Rick’s â€Å"final† offense was criminal mischief, and it involved extensive destruction of property. Once again, Rick and his best friend â€Å"borrowed† his father’s car, got drunk, and drove to Edina, an affluent suburb of Minneapolis. For no apparent reason, they parked the car and began to walk along France Avenue, a major road with office buildings along each side. After walking a while, they started throwing small rocks toward buildings,  seeing how close they could get. Their range increased quickly and the rocks soon reached their targets, breaking numerous windows. The â€Å"fun† turned into thousands of dollars worth of window breakage in a large number of office buildings. Because of the scale of damage, Rick faced the possibility of being placed in a state training school. As a potential â€Å"loss of liberty case,† Rick was provided with representation by an attorney. This time, the juvenile court’s adjudication process followed formal procedures, including involvement of a prosecutor and a defense attorney. In the preliminary hearing, Rick admitted to the petition (statement of charges against him), and the case was continued to a later date for disposition (sentencing). In the meantime, the judge ordered a predisposition report. The predisposition report is designed to individualize the court’s disposition to â€Å"fit the offender.† The investigation for the report uses multiple sources of information, including information from the arresting officer, parents, school personnel, coaches, employers, friends, relatives, and, most importantly, the offending youth. The predisposition report tries to describe and explain the pattern of delinquency and then offer recommendations for disposition based on the investigation. In Rick’s case, the predisposition report attempted to accurately describe and explain his persistent pattern of property and status offending, and it offered a recommendation for disposition. Finding no information to justify otherwise, the probation officer recommended that Rick be committed to the Department of Corrections for placement at the Red Wing State Training School. Depending on one’s viewpoint, the state training school represented either a last ditch effort for rehabilitation or a means of punishment through restricted freedom. Either way, Rick was viewed as a chronic juvenile offender, with little hope for reform. It was one of those formative experiences. I [coauthor Jim Burfeind] was fresh out of college and newly hired as a probation officer. I was meeting with two experienced attorneys—one the defense, the other the prosecutor. Almost in unison, it seemed, they turned to me and asked, â€Å"Why did Rick do this? Why did he develop such a persistent pattern of delinquency?† They wanted to make sense of Rick’s delinquency, and they wondered how the  juvenile court could best respond to his case. I had become familiar with Rick only in the previous few weeks when his case was reassigned to me as part of my growing caseload as a new probation officer. Now, meeting with the attorneys to gather information for the predisposition | 3 4 | JUVENILE DELINQUENCY: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH report, I was being asked to explain Rick’s pattern of delinquent behavior to two legal experts who had far more experience in the juvenile justice system than I did. I was, after all, new to the job. How could I possibly know enough to offer an explanation? I also had the daunting responsibility of making a recommendation for disposition that the judge would most likely follow completely. Rick’s future was at stake, and my recommendation would determine the disposition of the juvenile court. As I attempted to respond to the attorneys sitting in front of me, my mind was flooded with questions. The answers to these questions became the basis for my predisposition report—an attempt to explain Rick’s delinquent behavior and, based on this understanding, to recommend what should be done through court disposition. The questions with which I wrestled included the following: Is involvement in delinquency common among adolescents—that is, are most youths delinquent? Maybe Rick was just an unfortunate kid who got caught. Are Rick’s offenses fairly typical of the types of offenses in which youths are involved? Will Rick â€Å"grow out† of delinquent behavior? Is Rick’s pattern of offending much the same as those of other delinquent youths? Do most delinquent youths begin with status offenses and then persist and escalate into serious, repetitive offending? (Status offenses are acts, such as truancy and running away, that are considered offenses when committed by juveniles but are not considered crimes if committed by adults.) Is there a rational component to Rick’s delinquency so that punishment by the juvenile court would deter further delinquency? Did the fact that Rick was adopted have anything to do with his involvement in delinquency? Might something about Rick’s genetic makeup and his biological family lend some insight into his behavior? What role did Rick’s use of alcohol play in his delinquency? Are there family factors that might relate to Rick’s involvement in delinquency? Were there aspects of Rick’s school experiences that might be related to his delinquency? What role did Rick’s friend play in his delinquent behavior? Did the youth court’s formal adjudication of Rick as a â€Å"delinquent youth† two years earlier label him and make him more likely to continue in delinquent behavior? Should the juvenile court retain jurisdiction for serious, repeat offenders like Rick? What should the juvenile court try to do with Rick: punish, deter, or rehabilitate him? Should the juvenile court hold Rick less responsible for his acts than an adult because he has not fully matured? The Study of Juvenile Delinquency | Perhaps this list of questions seems a little overwhelming to you now. We don’t present them here with the expectation that you will be able to answer them. Instead, we present them to prompt you to think about what causes juvenile delinquency and to give you an idea of the types of questions that drive the scientific study of delinquent behavior. Throughout this book, we address these types of questions as we define delinquency; consider the nature of delinquent offenses, offenders, and offending; and present a variety of theories to explain delinquent behavior. We return to Rick’s story and these questions in Chapter 14. After reading the next 12 chapters, you should have the tools necessary to think about and respond to these questions in a whole new light. ââ€"   Understanding Juvenile Delinquency The questions that shape the scientific study of juvenile delinquency constitute attempts to define, describe, explain, and respond to delinquent behavior. Rather than being asked with regard to a particular case like Rick’s, the questions that inspire the study of juvenile delinquency are cast more broadly in order to understand delinquent behavior as it occurs among adolescents. An understanding of delinquent behavior builds upon explanations that have been offered in theories and findings that have been revealed in research. The primary purpose of this book is to cultivate an understanding of juvenile delinquency by integrating theory and research. Throughout the book, we focus on the central roles that theory and research play in the study of delinquency, because these two components form the core of any scientific inquiry. Before we go any further, we must define what we mean by â€Å"juvenile delinquency.† This definition is far more complicated than you might think. In the next chapter, we offer a thorough discussion of the social construction and transformation of the concept of juvenile delinquency. Here we offer a brief working definition of juvenile delinquency as actions that violate the law, committed by a person who is under the legal age of majority. Our exploration of juvenile delinquency reflects the four basic tasks of the scientific study of delinquency—to define, describe, explain, and respond to delinquent behavior. The first two major sections of this book are devoted to defining and describing juvenile delinquency, the third section to explaining delinquent behavior, and the final section to contemporary ways of responding to juvenile delinquency. Responses to delinquent behavior, however, should be based on a thorough understanding of delinquency. Thus, an understanding of juvenile delinquency must come first. The Study of Juvenile Delinquency The first section of this book describes the historical transformation of the concept of juvenile delinquency and the methods and data sources researchers use to study involvement in delinquent behavior. We begin by developing a working understanding of what we commonly call â€Å"juvenile delinquency† (Chapter 2). This includes not only the social, political, and economic changes that led to the social construction of juvenile delinquency as a legal term, but also the contemporary transformations that have dramatically altered how we as a society juvenile delinquency Actions that violate the law, committed by a person who is under the legal age of majority. 5 6 | JUVENILE DELINQUENCY: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH view, define, and respond to juvenile delinquency. We then explore how researchers â€Å"measure† delinquency (Chapter 3). We describe the research process, various methods of gathering data and doing research on juvenile delinquency, and sources of data on crime and delinquency. The Nature of Delinquency The second section of this book presents a trilogy of chapters in which we describe the nature of delinquent offenses, offenders, and patterns of offending. Any attempt to explain juvenile delinquency must first be able to accurately describe the problem in terms of these three dimensions. Chapters 4 through 6 report research findings that describe the extent of delinquent offenses (Chapter 4), the social characteristics of delinquent offenders (Chapter 5), and the developmental patterns of delinquent offending (Chapter 6). Explaining Delinquent Behavior The third section of this book examines a variety of explanations of delinquency that criminologists have proposed in theories and examined in research related to those theories. These chapters are organized in terms of the major themes that run through seven different groups of theories. One group of theories, for example, emphasizes the importance of peer group influences on delinquency. These theories, called social learning theories, address how delinquent behavior is learned in the context of peer group relations (Chapter 11). Six other themes are also considered: the question of whether delinquency is chosen or determined (Chapter 7); the role of individual factors, including biological characteristics and personality, in explaining delinquent behavior (Chapter 8); situational and routine dimensions of delinquency (Chapter 9); the importance of social relationships, especially family relations and school experiences, in controlling delinquency (Chapter 10); the structure of society, and how societal characteristics motivate individual behavior (Chapter 12); and social and societal responses to delinquency (Chapter 13). We also apply these various explanations to Rick’s case, which opened this chapter, and examine integrated theoretical approaches (Chapter 14). Throughout the book, as we present theoretical explanations for delinquency, we weave together theories and the most relevant research that criminologists have conducted to test those theories. Responding to Juvenile Delinquency The final section of this book comprises a single chapter that describes contemporary juvenile justice (Chapter 15). We have deliberately chosen to keep the discussion of juvenile justice in one chapter, in order to provide an undivided view of its structure and process. The formal system of juvenile justice includes police, courts, and corrections. Yet a substantial amount of juvenile delinquency is dealt with informally, sometimes by agencies outside the â€Å"system.† Juvenile justice encompasses efforts at prevention, together with informal and formal action taken by the traditional juvenile justice system. Formal procedures, such as taking youths into custody and adjudicating them as delinquent youths, are central to the task of responding to juvenile delinquency. But informal procedures designed to prevent delinquency and divert youths from the juvenile justice system are far more common. The Study of Juvenile Delinquency | ââ€"   Developing and Evaluating Theories of Delinquency In 1967, two noted sociologists, Travis Hirschi and Hanan Selvin, observed that theories of delinquency suggest a â€Å"sequence of steps through which a person moves from law abiding behavior to . . . delinquency.†1 Criminological theories try to identify and describe the key causal factors that make up this â€Å"sequence of steps† leading to delinquent behavior. In doing so, theories of delinquency emphasize certain factors as being causally important and then describe how these factors are interrelated in producing delinquent behavior. Stated simply: â€Å"a theory is an explanation.†2 Components of Theories Like other scientific theories, theories of delinquency are composed of two basic parts: concepts and propositions. Concepts isolate and categorize features of the world that are thought to be causally important.3 Different theories of juvenile delinquency incorporate and emphasize different concepts. For example, the theories of delinquency we consider in later chapters include concepts such as personality traits, intelligence, routine activities of adolescents, relationship ties (called attachments), associations with delinquent friends, and social disorganization of neighborhoods. Concepts require definition.4 Definitions serve two functions: they clarify concepts and provide common understanding, and they describe how concepts will be measured for the purpose of research. Propositions tell how concepts are related. Scientific theories use propositions to make statements about the relationships between concepts.5 Some propositions imply a positive linear relationship in which the â€Å"concepts increase or decrease together in a relatively straight-line fashion.†6 For example, some theories offer the proposition that the number of delinquent friends is positively related to delinquent behavior: as the number of delinquent friends increases, so does the likelihood of delinquency. In a negative linear relationship, the concepts vary in opposite directions. For instance, one theory offers the proposition that level of attachment and delinquency are negatively related: as attachment increases, delinquent behavior decreases. Relationships between concepts may  also be curvilinear. Here, too, the concepts vary together, either positively or negatively, but after reaching a certain level, the relationship moves in the opposite direction. For example, researchers have found that parental discipline is related to delinquency in a curvilinear fashion.7 Delinquent behavior is most frequent when parental discipline is either lacking or excessive, but it is least common when levels of discipline are moderate. If you think of parental discipline as a continuum, delinquency is highest on the two ends of the discipline continuum, when discipline is lax or excessive, and lowest in the middle, when discipline is moderate. Different theories may offer competing propositions. One theory may propose that two concepts are related in a particular way, whereas another theory may claim that they are unrelated. For example, one of the major issues in delinquency theory is the role of the family in explaining delinquent behavior. One major theory contends that the family is essentially unrelated to delinquent behavior and that delinquent peers are an important factor in explaining delinquency. Another theory An explanation that makes a systematic and logical argument regarding what is important and why. concepts Isolated features of the world that are thought to be causally important. propositions Theoretical statements that tell how concepts are related. 7 8 | theory of delinquency A set of logically related propositions that explain why and how selected concepts are related to delinquent behavior. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH influential theory proposes the opposite relationship, arguing that family relations are strongly related to delinquency, whereas peer relations are less important in explaining delinquency.8 To summarize, a theory of delinquency is a set of logically related propositions that explain why and how selected concepts are related to delinquent behavior.9 A theory offers a logically developed argument that certain concepts are important in causing delinquent behavior. The purpose of theory, then, is to explain juvenile delinquency. Levels of Explanation level of explanation The realm of explanation— individual, microsocial, or macrosocial—that corresponds to the types of concepts incorporated into theories. Theories of delinquency operate at three different levels of explanation: individual, microsocial, and macrosocial.10 On the individual level, theories focus on traits and characteristics of individuals, either innate or learned, that make some people more likely than others to engage in delinquent behavior. The microsocial level of explanation considers the  social processes by which individuals become the â€Å"kinds of people† who commit delinquent acts.11 Criminologists have emphasized family relations and delinquent peer group influences at this level. Some microsocial theories also point to the importance of the structural context of social interaction.12 Race, gender, and social class, for example, influence social interaction not only within families and peer groups, but in virtually all social contexts. As a result, the distinction between social process and social structure is not always clear, nor is it always useful as a means of categorizing theoretical explanations.13 At the macrosocial level, societal characteristics such as social class and social cohesiveness are used to explain group variation in rates of delinquency.14 For example, poverty, together with the absence of community social control, is central to several explanations of why gang delinquency is more common in lower-class areas.15 The level of explanation—individual, microsocial, or macrosocial—corresponds to the types of concepts incorporated into a theory.16 Individual-level explanations tend to incorporate biological and psychological concepts. Microsocial explanations most often use social psychological concepts, but may incorporate structural concepts that influence social interaction. Macrosocial explanations draw extensively on sociological concepts. Theories can be combined to form â€Å"integrated theories† (see Chapter 14), which sometimes merge different levels of explanation into a single theoretical framework. Assessing Theory We have proposed that concepts and propositions are the bare essentials of theory.17 These components, however, do not automatically produce a valid explanation of delinquency. We can begin to assess the validity of theory—the degree to which it accurately and adequately explains delinquent behavior—by paying attention to several key dimensions of theory.18 We highlight these dimensions (e.g., clarity, consistency, testability, applicability) in the following list of questions. We invite you to ask yourself these questions as you evaluate the theories of delinquency we present in later chapters and consider how well they explain delinquent behavior. 1. Conceptual clarity: How clearly are the theoretical concepts identified and defined?19 How well do the concepts and propositions fit together—how compatible, complementary, and congruent are they?20 The Study of Juvenile Delinquency 2. Logical consistency: Does the theoretical argument develop logically and consistently? Do the concepts and propositions depict a causal process leading to delinquency? 3. Parsimony: How concise is the theory in terms of its concepts and propositions? This question concerns economy of explanation. Generally, simpler is better. So if two theories explain delinquency equally well, we should favor the theory that offers the more concise explanation with the smaller number of concepts. 4. Scope: What is the theory attempting to explain?21 Some theories try to explain a wide variety of criminal acts and criminal offenders. Others focus on particular types of offenses or offenders. What question is the theory designed to answer? Theories of delinquency usually address one of two basic questions: (1) How and why are laws made and enforced? and (2) Why do some youths violate the law?22 Far more theories try to answer the second question than the first.23 5. Level of explanation: At what level (individual, microsocial, or macrosocial) does the theory attempt to explain delinquency? 6. Testability: To what extent can the theory be tested—verified or disproved by research evidence? It is not enough for a theory simply to â€Å"make sense† by identifying key concepts and then offering propositions that explain how these concepts are related to delinquency.24 Rather, theories must be constructed in such a way that they can be subjected to research verification.25 7. Research validity: To what extent has the theory been supported by research evidence? 8. Applicability and usefulness: To what extent can the theory be applied practically? In other words, to what extent is the theory useful in policy and practice? These questions reflect key concerns in assessing theory. In the end, theory is the foundation for the accumulation of knowledge, and it is indispensable for an understanding of juvenile delinquency. However, theory must be tested through research. Together, theory and research constitute the two basic components of a scientific approach to juvenile delinquency. ââ€"   Purposes of Delinquency Research Delinquency research serves two vital purposes: to generate or develop theory, and to test theory.26 In Chapter 3, we discuss research methods and sources of data used in the study of delinquency. Here we briefly describe the two purposes of research as it relates to theory. Generating Theory Research is sometimes used to gain sufficient information about juvenile delinquency to theorize about it.27 Despite the old adage, â€Å"the data speak for themselves,† research findings about delinquency require interpretation, and it is this interpretation that yields theory. As a result, the development of theoretical | 9 10 | inductive theorizing The development of theory from research observations. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH explanations of delinquency requires a long, hard look at the â€Å"facts† of delinquency (repeated and consistent findings), in order to isolate and identify key concepts and then explain how these concepts are related to delinquent behavior. Along this line, Donald Shoemaker defines theory as â€Å"an attempt to make sense out of observations.†28 The difficult task of making theoretical sense of research observations is sometimes referred to as â€Å"grounded theory† or inductive theorizing. 29 In the process of inductive theorizing, research involves collecting data and making empirical observations, which are then used to develop theory. For example, Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck, whose work we discuss more fully in later chapters, spent their entire careers attempting to uncover the most important empirical findings about juvenile delinquency. They referred to their task as Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency—the title of their most important book.30 The Gluecks’ work was heavily criticized for being atheoretical, or without theory.31 Their research, however, was clearly directed at providing empirical observations that would allow for the development of a theoretical explanation of delinquency, even though they never developed such a theory.32 In recent years, their data and findings have become the basis for an important new theory called â€Å"life-course theory,† which we describe in Chapter 10. Testing Theory deductive theorizing The evaluation of theoretical statements through research. Research also provides the means to evaluate theory and to choose among alternative theories.33 In contrast to inductive theorizing, deductive theorizing begins with theoretical statements and then attempts to test the validity of theoretical predictions.34 As we already discussed, theories advance explanations of delinquency in which propositions identify certain concepts and describe how they are related to delinquent behavior. These theoretically predicted relationships can be tested through research and either verified or disproved. For example, one simple proposition of differential association theory (presented in Chapter 11) is that attitudes  favoring delinquency are learned in the context of â€Å"intimate personal groups.†35 The predicted relationship portrayed here is that youths develop attitudes from peer group relations, and delinquent behavior is then an expression of these attitudes: peer group relations âž  delinquent attitudes âž  delinquent behavior If research findings support the theoretical propositions tested, then the theory is verified or confirmed. If research findings are not consistent with the predicted relationships, then the theory is disproved. Different theories often offer different predictions. To continue with the previous example, differential association theory and social bond theory (presented in Chapter 10) provide competing predictions about the relationships between peers, attitudes, and delinquent behavior. In contrast to differential association theory, social bond theory contends that attitudes are largely a product of family relationships.36 Delinquent attitudes result in delinquent behavior. Associations with delinquent peers then follow from delinquent behavior as youths seek out friendships with others like themselves. The relationships predicted by social bond theory are as follows: The Study of Juvenile Delinquency delinquent attitudes âž  delinquent behavior âž  delinquent peer group As this brief example illustrates, theories have empirical implications, and one purpose of research is to enable scholars to choose among competing theories.37 The preceding discussion of the two purposes of delinquency research implies that the processes of inductive theorizing and deductive theorizing are completely distinct. The former is used to generate or develop theory; the latter is used to test theory. We must acknowledge, however, the complexity of the relationship between theory and research, and note that the distinction between the two purposes of research is not necessarily clear-cut. Even within the process of deductive theorizing, for example, an element of inductive theorizing exists. In deductive theorizing, researchers begin with theoretical predictions and then use empirical observations to test those propositions. The research results may lead to modification or refinement of the theory being tested. The latter part of this process, in which observations are interpreted and may result in a revised statement of theory, is consistent with the process of inductive theorizing. Although the relationship between theory and research is complex, it is clear that the development of theory and the performance of research go hand in hand.38 ââ€"   Summary and Conclusions The scientific study of juvenile delinquency attempts to describe and explain delinquent behavior through theory and research. Theory seeks to provide a systematic and logical argument that specifies what is important in causing delinquency and why. Like other scientific theories, theories of delinquency  are composed of concepts and propositions. It is necessary to assess the validity of theories, including those we apply to explain delinquency. We provided a series of questions that you can use to evaluate the theories of delinquency we present in later chapters. The second basic component of the scientific method is research. In relation to theory, research serves two purposes: to generate theory and to test theory. Research is sometimes used to gain sufficient information about juvenile delinquency so that it becomes possible to theorize about it. The development of theory from research observations is called inductive theorizing.39 Research is also used to evaluate or test theory in a process called deductive theorizing. As we noted earlier, the primary purpose of this book is to cultivate an understanding of juvenile delinquency by integrating theory and research. This chapter has offered an overview of the key elements of a scientific approach to juvenile delinquency, focusing especially on theory. We describe research methods in Chapter 3. With this basic understanding of theory and its relationship to research, we can begin our study of juvenile delinquency on solid ground. The first two sections of this book present criminologists’ efforts to define and describe juvenile delinquency, the third major section presents explanations of juvenile delinquency that have been offered in theory and tested in research, and the fourth section considers contemporary responses to delinquency. Throughout the book, we present theoretical explanations of delinquency together with the most relevant research that has tested those theories. | 11 12 CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 1. Define theory without using the words â€Å"concept† or â€Å"proposition.† 2. Why does a scientific approach to juvenile delinquency depend on theory? 3. Develop your own example of inductive theorizing. Develop your own example of deductive theorizing. 4. As you read Rick’s story at the beginning of this chapter, what factors seemed most significant to you in considering why Rick engaged in delinquency? Why? SUGGESTED READING Gibbons, Don C. Talking About Crime and Criminals: Problems and Issues in Theory Development in Criminology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994. GLOSSARY concepts: Isolated features of the world that are thought to be causally important. deductive theorizing: The evaluation of theoretical statements through research. inductive theorizing: The development of theory from research observations. juvenile delinquency: Actions that violate the law, committed by a person who is under the legal age of majority. level of explanation: The realm of explanation—individual, microsocial, or macrosocial—that corresponds to the types of concepts incorporated into theories. propositions: Theoretical statements that tell how concepts are related. theory: An explanation that makes a systematic and logical argument regarding what is important and why. theory of delinquency: A set of logically related propositions that explain why and how selected concepts are related to delinquent behavior. REFERENCES Akers, Ronald L. Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Application. 4th ed. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury, 2004. Babbie, Earl. The Practice of Social Research. 8th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1998. Bohm, Robert M. A Primer on Crime and Delinquency Theory. 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2001. Cloward, Richard A., and Lloyd E. Ohlin. Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs. New York: Free Press, 1960. Cohen, Albert K. Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang. New York: Free Press, 1955. ———. Deviance and Control. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1966. Cohen, Bernard P. Developing Sociological Knowledge: Theory and Method. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1980. 13 Curran, Daniel J., and Claire M. Renzetti. Theories of Crime. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 2001. Gibbons, Don C. The Criminological Enterprise: Theories and Perspective. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1979. ———. Talking About Crime and Criminals: Problems and Issues in Theory Development in Criminology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994. Gibbons, Don C., and Marvin D. Krohn. Delinquent Behavior. 5th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1991. Gibbs, Jack P. â€Å"The State of Criminological Theory.† Criminology 25 (1987):821–840. Glaser, Barney, and Anselm L. Straus. The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Chicago, IL: Aldine, 1967. Glueck, Sheldon, and Eleanor Glueck. Unraveling Delinquency. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1950. Hepburn, John R. â€Å"Testing Alternative Models of Delinquency Causation.† Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 67 (1976):450–460. Hirschi, Travis. Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1969. Hirschi, Travis, and Hanan C. Selvin. Delinquency Research: An Appraisal of Analytic Methods. New York: Free Press, 1967. Jensen, Gary F â€Å"Parents, Peers, and Delinquent Action: A Test of the Differential Association Per. spective.† American Sociological Review 78 (1972):562–575. Laub, John H., and Robert J. Sampson. â€Å"The Sutherland–Glueck Debate: On the Sociology of Criminological Knowledge.† American Journal of Sociology 96 (1991):1402–1440. Sampson, Robert J., and John H. Laub. Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993. Shaw, Clifford R., and Henry D. McKay. Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas: A Study of Rates of Delinquency in Relation to Differential Characteristics of Local Communities in American Cities. Rev. ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969. Shoemaker, Donald J. Theories of Delinquency: An Examination of Explanations of Delinquent Behavior. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Short, James F Jr. â€Å"The Level of Explanation Problem Revisited.† Criminology 36 (1998):3–36. ., Stark, Rodney. Sociology. 7th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1998. Stinchcombe, Arthur L. Constructing Social Theories. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1968. Sutherland, Edwin H., Donald R. Cressey, and David F Luckenbill. Principles of Criminology. 11th ed. . Dix Hills, NY: General Hall, 1992. Turner, Jonathan. The Structure of Sociological Theory. Rev. ed. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press, 1978. Vold, George B., Thomas J. Bernard, and Jeffrey B. Snipes. Theoretical Criminology. 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. ENDNOTES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Hirschi and Selvin, Delinquency Research, 66. Bohm, Primer, 1. Turner, Structure of Sociological Theory, 2–3. Bohm, Primer, 2. See Bernard P. Cohen, Developing Sociological Knowledge, 140–148, for a full discussion of concept definition. Vold, Bernard, and Snipes, Theoretical Criminology, 4. Bohm, Primer, 2. Glueck and Glueck, Unraveling Delinquency. Sutherland, Cressey, and Luckenbill, Principles of Criminology, 211–214; and Hirschi, Causes of Delinquency, 140–146. Stark, Sociology, 2; and Curran and Renzetti, Theories of Crime, 2. Short, â€Å"Level of Explanation.† Albert K. Cohen, Deviance and Control, 43; and Gibbons, Criminological Enterprise, 9. Sampson and Laub, Crime in the Making; Sutherland, Cressey, and Luckenbill, Principles of Criminology; and Short, â€Å"Level of Explanation.† Akers, Criminological Theories, 4–5. 14 14. Albert K. Cohen, Deviance and Control, 43; Gibbons, Criminological Enterprise, 9; and Akers, Criminological Theories, 4. 15. Shaw and McKay, Juvenile Delinquency; Albert K. Cohen, Delinquent Boys; and Cloward and Ohlin, Delinquency and Opportunity. 16. Short points out, in â€Å"The Level of Explanation Problem Revisited† (3), that the level of explanation corresponds to the unit of observation and the unit of analysis. 17. Our discussion of delinquency theory comprising concepts and propositions makes theory seem simple and straightforward. But we must admit that, among social scientists, â€Å"there is still no agreed-upon view of what theory is† (Bernard P. Cohen, Developing Sociological Knowledge, 170). See also Gibbs, â€Å"State of Criminological Theory.† 18. Drawn from Bernard P. Cohen, Developing Sociological Knowledge, 191–192. 19. Shoemaker, Theories of Delinquency, 9. 20. Akers, Criminological Theories, 6–7; and Shoemaker, Theories of Delinquency, 9. 21. Akers, Criminological Theories, 6–7; and Curran and Renzetti, Theories of Crime, 3. 22. Akers, Criminological Theories, 2–6. Renowned criminologist Edwin Sutherland defined criminology as the study of law making, law breaking, and law enforcement (Sutherland, Cressey, and Luckenbill, Principles of Criminology, 3). 23. Akers, Criminological Theories, 4. Gibbons (Talking About Crime, 9–11, 73–76) describes two key criminological questions: â€Å"Why do they do it?† and â€Å"the rates question.† The first question addresses â€Å"the origins and development of criminal acts and careers,† and the second question addresses â€Å"organizations, social systems, social structures, and cultures that produce different rates of behaviors of interest† (9). See also Gibbons, Criminological Enterprise, 9; Gibbons and Krohn, Delinquent Behavior, 85–86; and Short, â€Å"Level of Explanation,† 7. 24. Akers, Criminological Theories, 7. 25. Stinchcombe, Constructing Social Theories. 26. Bernard P. Cohen, Developing Sociological Knowledge, vii, 10; and Stark, Sociology, 3. 27. Stark, Sociology, 3. 28. Shoemaker, Theories of Delinquency, 7. 29. Glaser and Straus, Discovery of Grounded Theory; and Babbie, Practice of Social Research, 4, 60–64. 30. Glueck and Glueck, Unraveling Delinquency, 1950. 31. Gibbons and Krohn, Delinquent Behavior, 83–84. 32. Laub and Sampson, â€Å"Sutherland–Glueck Debate;† and Sampson and Laub, Crime in the Making. 33. Bernard P. Cohen, Developing Sociological Knowledge, 10. 34. Babbie, Practice of Social Research, 4. 35. Sutherland, Cressey, and Luckenbill, Principles of Criminology, 88–89. 36. Jensen, â€Å"Parents;† Hepburn, â€Å"Testing Alternative Models;† and Hirschi, Causes of Delinquency. 37. Stark, Sociology, 2; and Bernard P. Cohen, Developing Sociological Knowledge, 10. 38. Gibbons, Talking About Crime, 7. 39. Stark, Sociology, 3.