Ias 7

7IAS 7 International Accounting Standard 7 Statement of Cash Flows This version includes amendments resulting from IFRSs issued up to 31 December 2008. IAS 7 Cash Flow Statements was issued by the International Accounting Standards Committee in December 1992. It replaced IAS 7 Statement of Changes in Financial Position (issued in October 1977). In April 2001 the International Accounting Standards Board resolved that all Standards and Interpretations issued under previous Constitutions continued to be applicable unless and until they were amended or withdrawn.Since then, IAS 7 and its accompanying documents have been amended by the following IFRSs: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors (issued December 2003) IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates (as revised in December 2003) IFRS 8 Operating Segments (issued November 2006)* IAS 23 Borrowing Costs (as revised in March 2007)* IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements (as revised in September 2007)* IAS 27 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements (amended in January 2008)†  Improvements to IFRSs (issued May 2008). As a result of the changes in terminology made by IAS 1 in 2007, the title of IAS 7 was changed to Statement of Cash Flows. * †  effective date 1 January 2009 effective date 1 July 2009  © IASCF 999 IAS 7 CONTENTS INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARD 7 STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWSOBJECTIVE SCOPE BENEFITS OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION DEFINITIONS Cash and cash equivalents PRESENTATION OF A STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS Operating activities Investing activities Financing activities REPORTING CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES REPORTING CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES REPORTING CASH FLOWS ON A NET BASIS FOREIGN CURRENCY CASH FLOWS INTEREST AND DIVIDENDS TAXES ON INCOME INVESTMENTS IN SUBSIDIARIES, ASSOCIATES AND JOINT VENTURES CHANGES IN OWNERSHIP INTERESTS IN SUBSIDIARIES AND OTHER BUSINESSES NON-CASH TRANSACTIONS COMPONENTS OF CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS OTHER DISCLOSURES EFFECTIVE DATE APPENDICES A B Statement of cash flows for an entity other than a financial institution Statement of cash flows for a financial institution paragraphs 1–3 4–5 6–9 7–9 10–17 13–15 16 17 18–20 21 22–24 25–28 31–34 35–36 37–38 39–42B 43–44 45–47 48–52 53–55 1000  © IASCF IAS 7 International Accounting Standard 7 Statement of Cash Flows (IAS 7) is set out in paragraphs 1–55. All the paragraphs have equal authority but retain the IASC format of the Standard when it was adopted by the IASB.IAS 7 should be read in the context of its objective, the Preface to International Financial Reporting Standards and the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors provides a basis for selecting and applying accounting policies in the absence of explicit guidance.  © IASCF 1001 IAS 7 International Accounting Standard 7 Statement of Cash Flows* Objective Information about the cash flows of an entity is useful in providing users of financial statements with a basis to assess the ability of the entity to generate cash and cash equivalents and the needs of the entity to utilise those cash flows.The economic decisions that are taken by users require an evaluation of the ability of an entity to generate cash and cash equivalents and the timing and certainty of their generation. The objective of this Standard is to require the provision of information about the historical changes in cash and cash equivalents of an entity by means of a statement of cash flows which classifies cash flows during the period from operating, investing and financing activities. Scope 1 An entity shall prepare a statement of cash flows in accordance with the requirements of this Stan dard and shall present it as an integral part of its financial statements for each period for which financial statements are presented. 2 3 This Standard supersedes IAS 7 Statement of Changes in Financial Position, approved in July 1977.Users of an entity’s financial statements are interested in how the entity generates and uses cash and cash equivalents. This is the case regardless of the nature of the entity’s activities and irrespective of whether cash can be viewed as the product of the entity, as may be the case with a financial institution. Entities need cash for essentially the same reasons however different their principal revenue-producing activities might be. They need cash to conduct their operations, to pay their obligations, and to provide returns to their investors. Accordingly, this Standard requires all entities to present a statement of cash flows. Benefits of cash flow information A statement of cash flows, when used in conjunction with the rest of th e financial statements, provides information that enables users to evaluate the changes in net assets of an entity, its financial structure (including its liquidity and solvency) and its ability to affect the amounts and timing of cash flows in order to adapt to changing circumstances and opportunities. Cash flow information is useful in assessing the ability of the entity to generate cash and cash equivalents and enables users to develop models to assess and compare the present value of the * In September 2007 the IASB amended the title of IAS 7 from Cash Flow Statements to Statement of Cash Flows as a consequence of the revision of IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements in 2007. 1002  © IASCF IAS 7 future cash flows of different entities.It also enhances the comparability of the reporting of operating performance by different entities because it eliminates the effects of using different accounting treatments for the same transactions and events. 5 Historical cash flow inform ation is often used as an indicator of the amount, timing and certainty of future cash flows. It is also useful in checking the accuracy of past assessments of future cash flows and in examining the relationship between profitability and net cash flow and the impact of changing prices. Definitions 6 The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified: Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits.Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Cash flows are inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents. Operating activities are the principal revenue-producing activities of the entity and other activities that are not investing or financing activities. Investing activities are the acquisition and disposal of long-term assets and other investments not included in cash equivalents. Financing activities are activities that resu lt in changes in the size and composition of the contributed equity and borrowings of the entity. Cash and cash equivalents Cash equivalents are held for the purpose of meeting short-term cash commitments rather than for investment or other purposes. For an investment to qualify as a cash equivalent it must be readily convertible to a known amount of cash and be subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Therefore, an investment normally qualifies as a cash equivalent only when it has a short maturity of, say, three months or less from the date of acquisition. Equity investments are excluded from cash equivalents unless they are, in substance, cash equivalents, for example in the case of preferred shares acquired within a short period of their maturity and with a specified redemption date. Bank borrowings are generally considered to be financing activities.However, in some countries, bank overdrafts which are repayable on demand form an integral part of an entity's cash m anagement. In these circumstances, bank overdrafts are included as a component of cash and cash equivalents. A characteristic of such banking arrangements is that the bank balance often fluctuates from being positive to overdrawn. Cash flows exclude movements between items that constitute cash or cash equivalents because these components are part of the cash management of an entity rather than part of its operating, investing and financing activities. Cash management includes the investment of excess cash in cash equivalents. 8 9  © IASCF 1003 IAS 7Presentation of a statement of cash flows 10 The statement of cash flows shall report cash flows during the period classified by operating, investing and financing activities. 11 An entity presents its cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities in a manner which is most appropriate to its business. Classification by activity provides information that allows users to assess the impact of those activities on the financi al position of the entity and the amount of its cash and cash equivalents. This information may also be used to evaluate the relationships among those activities. A single transaction may include cash flows that are classified differently.For example, when the cash repayment of a loan includes both interest and capital, the interest element may be classified as an operating activity and the capital element is classified as a financing activity. 12 Operating activities 13 The amount of cash flows arising from operating activities is a key indicator of the extent to which the operations of the entity have generated sufficient cash flows to repay loans, maintain the operating capability of the entity, pay dividends and make new investments without recourse to external sources of financing. Information about the specific components of historical operating cash flows is useful, in conjunction with other information, in forecasting future operating cash flows. Cash flows from operating ac tivities are primarily derived from the principal revenue-producing activities of the entity.Therefore, they generally result from the transactions and other events that enter into the determination of profit or loss. Examples of cash flows from operating activities are: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) cash receipts from the sale of goods and the rendering of services; cash receipts from royalties, fees, commissions and other revenue; cash payments to suppliers for goods and services; cash payments to and on behalf of employees; cash receipts and cash payments of an insurance entity for premiums and claims, annuities and other policy benefits; cash payments or refunds of income taxes unless they can be specifically identified with financing and investing activities; and cash receipts and payments from contracts held for dealing or trading purposes. 14Some transactions, such as the sale of an item of plant, may give rise to a gain or loss that is included in recognised profit or loss. Th e cash flows relating to such transactions are cash flows from investing activities. However, cash payments to manufacture or acquire assets held for rental to others and subsequently held for sale as described in paragraph 68A of IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment are cash flows from operating activities. The cash receipts from rents and subsequent sales of such assets are also cash flows from operating activities. 1004  © IASCF IAS 7 15 An entity may hold securities and loans for dealing or trading purposes, in which case they are similar to inventory acquired specifically for resale.Therefore, cash flows arising from the purchase and sale of dealing or trading securities are classified as operating activities. Similarly, cash advances and loans made by financial institutions are usually classified as operating activities since they relate to the main revenue-producing activity of that entity. Investing activities 16 The separate disclosure of cash flows arising from investing activities is important because the cash flows represent the extent to which expenditures have been made for resources intended to generate future income and cash flows. Examples of cash flows arising from investing activities are: (a) cash payments to acquire property, plant and equipment, intangibles and other long-term assets.These payments include those relating to capitalised development costs and self-constructed property, plant and equipment; cash receipts from sales of property, plant and equipment, intangibles and other long-term assets; cash payments to acquire equity or debt instruments of other entities and interests in joint ventures (other than payments for those instruments considered to be cash equivalents or those held for dealing or trading purposes); cash receipts from sales of equity or debt instruments of other entities and interests in joint ventures (other than receipts for those instruments considered to be cash equivalents and those held for dealing or trad ing purposes); cash advances and loans made to other parties (other than advances and loans made by a financial institution); cash receipts from the repayment of advances and loans made to other parties (other than advances and loans of a financial institution); cash payments for futures contracts, forward contracts, option contracts and swap contracts except when the contracts are held for dealing or trading purposes, or the payments are classified as financing activities; and cash receipts from futures contracts, forward contracts, option contracts and swap contracts except when the contracts are held for dealing or trading purposes, or the receipts are classified as financing activities. (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) When a contract is accounted for as a hedge of an identifiable position the cash flows of the contract are classified in the same manner as the cash flows of the position being hedged.  © IASCF 1005 IAS 7 Financing activities 7 The separate disclosure of cash flows a rising from financing activities is important because it is useful in predicting claims on future cash flows by providers of capital to the entity. Examples of cash flows arising from financing activities are: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) cash proceeds from issuing shares or other equity instruments; cash payments to owners to acquire or redeem the entity’s shares; cash proceeds from issuing debentures, loans, notes, bonds, mortgages and other short or long-term borrowings; cash repayments of amounts borrowed; and cash payments by a lessee for the reduction of the outstanding liability relating to a finance lease. Reporting cash flows from operating activities 8 An entity shall report cash flows from operating activities using either: (a) the direct method, whereby major classes of gross cash receipts and gross cash payments are disclosed; or the indirect method, whereby profit or loss is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments, and items of income or expense associated with investing or financing cash flows. (b) 19 Entities are encouraged to report cash flows from operating activities using the direct method. The direct method provides information which may be useful in estimating future cash flows and which is not available under the indirect method.Under the direct method, information about major classes of gross cash receipts and gross cash payments may be obtained either: (a) (b) from the accounting records of the entity; or by adjusting sales, cost of sales (interest and similar income and interest expense and similar charges for a financial institution) and other items in the statement of comprehensive income for: (i) (ii) (iii) changes during the period in inventories and operating receivables and payables; other non-cash items; and other items for which the cash effects are investing or financing cash flows. 20 Under the indirect method, the net cash f low from operating activities is determined by adjusting profit or loss for the effects of: (a) changes during the period in inventories and operating receivables and payables; 1006  © IASCF IAS 7 (b) on-cash items such as depreciation, provisions, deferred taxes, unrealised foreign currency gains and losses, and undistributed profits of associates; and all other items for which the cash effects are investing or financing cash flows. (c) Alternatively, the net cash flow from operating activities may be presented under the indirect method by showing the revenues and expenses disclosed in the statement of comprehensive income and the changes during the period in inventories and operating receivables and payables. Reporting cash flows from investing and financing activities 21 An entity shall report separately major classes of gross cash receipts and gross cash payments arising from investing and financing activities, except to the extent that cash flows described in paragraphs 22 an d 24 are reported on a net basis. Reporting cash flows on a net basis 2 Cash flows arising from the following operating, investing or financing activities may be reported on a net basis: (a) cash receipts and payments on behalf of customers when the cash flows reflect the activities of the customer rather than those of the entity; and cash receipts and payments for items in which the turnover is quick, the amounts are large, and the maturities are short. (b) 23 Examples of cash receipts and payments referred to in paragraph 22(a) are: (a) (b) (c) the acceptance and repayment of demand deposits of a bank; funds held for customers by an investment entity; and rents collected on behalf of, and paid over to, the owners of properties. Examples of cash receipts and payments referred to in paragraph 22(b) are advances made for, and the repayment of: (a) (b) (c) 24 principal amounts relating to credit card customers; the purchase and sale of investments; and other short-term borrowings, for example, those which have a maturity period of three months or less.Cash flows arising from each of the following activities of a financial institution may be reported on a net basis: (a) cash receipts and payments for the acceptance and repayment of deposits with a fixed maturity date; the placement of deposits with and withdrawal of deposits from other financial institutions; and (b)  © IASCF 1007 IAS 7 (c) cash advances and loans made to customers and the repayment of those advances and loans. Foreign currency cash flows 25 Cash flows arising from transactions in a foreign currency shall be recorded in an entity’s functional currency by applying to the foreign currency amount the exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the cash flow. The cash flows of a foreign subsidiary shall be translated at the exchange rates between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the dates of the cash flows. 26 7 Cash flows denomina ted in a foreign currency are reported in a manner consistent with IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates. This permits the use of an exchange rate that approximates the actual rate. For example, a weighted average exchange rate for a period may be used for recording foreign currency transactions or the translation of the cash flows of a foreign subsidiary. However, IAS 21 does not permit use of the exchange rate at the end of the reporting period when translating the cash flows of a foreign subsidiary. Unrealised gains and losses arising from changes in foreign currency exchange rates are not cash flows.However, the effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents held or due in a foreign currency is reported in the statement of cash flows in order to reconcile cash and cash equivalents at the beginning and the end of the period. This amount is presented separately from cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities and includes the diffe rences, if any, had those cash flows been reported at end of period exchange rates. [Deleted] 28 29 30 [Deleted] Interest and dividends 31 Cash flows from interest and dividends received and paid shall each be disclosed separately. Each shall be classified in a consistent manner from period to period as either operating, investing or financing activities. 32The total amount of interest paid during a period is disclosed in the statement of cash flows whether it has been recognised as an expense in profit or loss or capitalised in accordance with IAS 23 Borrowing Costs. Interest paid and interest and dividends received are usually classified as operating cash flows for a financial institution. However, there is no consensus on the classification of these cash flows for other entities. Interest paid and interest and dividends received may be classified as operating cash flows because they enter into the determination of profit or loss. Alternatively, interest paid and interest and divi dends received may be classified as financing cash flows and investing cash flows respectively, because they are costs of obtaining financial resources or returns on investments. 33 1008  © IASCF IAS 7 34Dividends paid may be classified as a financing cash flow because they are a cost of obtaining financial resources. Alternatively, dividends paid may be classified as a component of cash flows from operating activities in order to assist users to determine the ability of an entity to pay dividends out of operating cash flows. Taxes on income 35 Cash flows arising from taxes on income shall be separately disclosed and shall be classified as cash flows from operating activities unless they can be specifically identified with financing and investing activities. 36 Taxes on income arise on transactions that give rise to cash flows that are classified as operating, investing or financing activities in a statement of cash flows.While tax expense may be readily identifiable with investin g or financing activities, the related tax cash flows are often impracticable to identify and may arise in a different period from the cash flows of the underlying transaction. Therefore, taxes paid are usually classified as cash flows from operating activities. However, when it is practicable to identify the tax cash flow with an individual transaction that gives rise to cash flows that are classified as investing or financing activities the tax cash flow is classified as an investing or financing activity as appropriate. When tax cash flows are allocated over more than one class of activity, the total amount of taxes paid is disclosed. Investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures 7 When accounting for an investment in an associate or a subsidiary accounted for by use of the equity or cost method, an investor restricts its reporting in the statement of cash flows to the cash flows between itself and the investee, for example, to dividends and advances. An entity which reports its interest in a jointly controlled entity (see IAS 31 Interests in Joint Ventures) using proportionate consolidation, includes in its consolidated statement of cash flows its proportionate share of the jointly controlled entity’s cash flows. An entity which reports such an interest using the equity method includes in its statement of cash flows the cash flows in respect of its investments in the jointly controlled entity, and distributions and other payments or receipts between it and the jointly controlled entity. 38Changes in ownership interests in subsidiaries and other businesses 39 The aggregate cash flows arising from obtaining and losing control of subsidiaries or other businesses shall be presented separately and classified as investing activities. An entity shall disclose, in aggregate, in respect of both obtaining and losing control of subsidiaries or other businesses during the period each of the following: (a) the total consideration paid or received; 4 0  © IASCF 1009 IAS 7 (b) (c) the portion of the consideration consisting of cash and cash equivalents; the amount of cash and cash equivalents in the subsidiaries or other businesses over which control is obtained or lost; and the amount of the assets and liabilities other than cash or cash equivalents in the subsidiaries or other businesses over which control is obtained or lost, summarised by each major category. (d) 41The separate presentation of the cash flow effects of obtaining or losing control of subsidiaries or other businesses as single line items, together with the separate disclosure of the amounts of assets and liabilities acquired or disposed of, helps to distinguish those cash flows from the cash flows arising from the other operating, investing and financing activities. The cash flow effects of losing control are not deducted from those of obtaining control. The aggregate amount of the cash paid or received as consideration for obtaining or losing control of subsi diaries or other businesses is reported in the statement of cash flows net of cash and cash equivalents acquired or disposed of as part of such transactions, events or changes in circumstances. Cash flows arising from changes in ownership interests in a subsidiary that do not result in a loss of control shall be classified as cash flows from financing activities.Changes in ownership interests in a subsidiary that do not result in a loss of control, such as the subsequent purchase or sale by a parent of a subsidiary’s equity instruments, are accounted for as equity transactions (see IAS 27 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements (as amended in 2008)). Accordingly, the resulting cash flows are classified in the same way as other transactions with owners described in paragraph 17. 42 42A 42B Non-cash transactions 43 Investing and financing transactions that do not require the use of cash or cash equivalents shall be excluded from a statement of cash flows. Such transactio ns shall be disclosed elsewhere in the financial statements in a way that provides all the relevant information about these investing and financing activities. 44Many investing and financing activities do not have a direct impact on current cash flows although they do affect the capital and asset structure of an entity. The exclusion of non-cash transactions from the statement of cash flows is consistent with the objective of a statement of cash flows as these items do not involve cash flows in the current period. Examples of non-cash transactions are: (a) (b) (c) the acquisition of assets either by assuming directly related liabilities or by means of a finance lease; the acquisition of an entity by means of an equity issue; and the conversion of debt to equity. 1010  © IASCF IAS 7 Components of cash and cash equivalents 5 An entity shall disclose the components of cash and cash equivalents and shall present a reconciliation of the amounts in its statement of cash flows with the e quivalent items reported in the statement of financial position. 46 In view of the variety of cash management practices and banking arrangements around the world and in order to comply with IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements, an entity discloses the policy which it adopts in determining the composition of cash and cash equivalents. The effect of any change in the policy for determining components of cash and cash equivalents, for example, a change in the classification of financial instruments previously considered to be part of an entity’s investment portfolio, is reported in accordance with IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. 47 Other disclosures 8 An entity shall disclose, together with a commentary by management, the amount of significant cash and cash equivalent balances held by the entity that are not available for use by the group. 49 There are various circumstances in which cash and cash equivalent balances held by an entity are not available for use by the group. Examples include cash and cash equivalent balances held by a subsidiary that operates in a country where exchange controls or other legal restrictions apply when the balances are not available for general use by the parent or other subsidiaries. Additional information may be relevant to users in understanding the financial position and liquidity of an entity.Disclosure of this information, together with a commentary by management, is encouraged and may include: (a) the amount of undrawn borrowing facilities that may be available for future operating activities and to settle capital commitments, indicating any restrictions on the use of these facilities; the aggregate amounts of the cash flows from each of operating, investing and financing activities related to interests in joint ventures reported using proportionate consolidation; the aggregate amount of cash flows that represent increases in operating capacity separately from those cash flow s that are required to maintain operating capacity; and the amount of the cash flows arising from the operating, investing and financing activities of each reportable segment (see IFRS 8 Operating Segments). 50 (b) (c) (d)  © IASCF 1011 IAS 7 51The separate disclosure of cash flows that represent increases in operating capacity and cash flows that are required to maintain operating capacity is useful in enabling the user to determine whether the entity is investing adequately in the maintenance of its operating capacity. An entity that does not invest adequately in the maintenance of its operating capacity may be prejudicing future profitability for the sake of current liquidity and distributions to owners. The disclosure of segmental cash flows enables users to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between the cash flows of the business as a whole and those of its component parts and the availability and variability of segmental cash flows. 52 Effective date 53 54 Thi s Standard becomes operative for financial statements covering periods beginning on or after 1 January 1994.IAS 27 (as amended in 2008) amended paragraphs 39–42 and added paragraphs 42A and 42B. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 July 2009. If an entity applies IAS 27 (amended 2008) for an earlier period, the amendments shall be applied for that earlier period. The amendments shall be applied retrospectively. Paragraph 14 was amended by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply that amendment for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendment for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact and apply paragraph 68A of IAS 16. 55 1012  © IASCF

Descriptive Essay “Betrayal”

The term â€Å"stabbed me in the back† is a recognized vernacular for someone who was betrayed. Well in my case I was â€Å"stabbed in the chest. † I knew how my cousin Ann could be and somehow I was still shocked that she would hurt me how she did. She was my best friend from the time I was eight to that dreadful night she nearly had herself killed. It is during this time that she changed from the person I knew; the outspoken, rebellious, fearless woman that lived life to the fullest and took no prisoners into an ignorant, selfish, two-faced she devil that would talk her best friend down to not look as bad as she really was.She had an air around her. Not quite arrogance, more of one who thought to be superior to others. Things were her way or none at all and even to me she held nothing back in her plans to get even. The night she got shot, her plans to get even, and the inevitable break from the family led to her ultimate betrayal of our friendship. Ann is not the kind of person to just let things go. She’s never content with letting bygones be bygones and move on. Needless to say she didn't keep many friends. But it isn't her begrudging nature that steered friends away from her.It is her deliberate acts of treachery and double crossing which became more and more apparent over time. Her comprehension of morality is lacking. And she also has no true understanding of restraint. She is the child punished for taking candy from a baby and in return she hits the baby. Because it's the baby's fault she was scolded so the baby must also be punished. She is cold and unsympathetic. Not a single care for the hardships she places on others. The delusions she creates of herself; a caring, altruistic, benevolent soul is actually a facade.It is her way to get your guard down and when the moment arises, she strikes with no reservation. For instance, she robbed, restrained, and beat her ex boyfriend for drugs and money simply because she wanted to punish h im for not leaving his girlfriend. She justifies her actions as results on another person's error. She is callus and conniving. Like a rabid she wolf, shifty and always on the attack. Her distasteful nature became so out of control even family began to distance from her and her deceptive ways. Somehow, she escaped with her life and did not end up dead in her apartment yet she still persists on the travesty of his actions.At first, I indulged her â€Å"poor me† attitude since I still loved Ann and wanted to comfort her. Eventually, her rants would end with more overdrawn rants but she flipped the script when she told me she had a plan to go back up to her ex’s for revenge. She is never one to let things go. She takes herself these destructive paths and leaves a mess all around her. Before she could even bring me into her plans I left and told her she’s on her own. Afterwards, she becomes irrational with anger. She starts calling me at work and texting me non-stop . She even became so desperate to call my parents asking them to send me over whenever they could.With the shooting incident and the unstable character of my cousin, my family forbid me from having any contact with her. It broke my heart because I wanted to be there for her. Nevertheless, she is not is a good place and wanted to bring everyone down around her. Though she knew her plans of revenge against her ex were foiled she, unbeknownst to me, decides to somehow bring me down. Four weeks later, I hear from Ann. I was eager and excited to hear how she was and how life back felt but I was sadly dissappointed when a drugged up Ann was slurring on the other line.Her haggard voice slurs out † You enjoying your happy perfect life? As long as you stay locked up at home like you do listening to your parents and not doing what you want. † Suddenly, Ann sounds clearer and she proceeded to chuckle into the phone. † You know I'll always look out for you. Not your parents an d not mine. Just me. So I took care of your problem with us not being able to see eachother. I called your parents told them what they needed to hear. You're a drug user. You like to sleep with lots of men and you steal from everyone. They need to kick you out so you can live with me.I made sure to make you sound real good. † I know it's all lies and I know my parents would never believe the drugged up rants of my cousin. However, it shattered me knowing my parents had to listen to those words. She knew how much I love my parents and how I strive to live up their expectations of me. Furthermore, by her telling me, she wanted me to know stabbed me in my chest. Then, she twisted the knife. â€Å"You deserve to feel judged. You are not special and I want to make sure everyone else knows you're just as bad as me. † The aftermath of that event was not a catastrophic as I had imagined.My parents both knew she was lying to make me look bad out of hate and jealously but I could tell the call still weighed on their minds. The mood was heavy. My parents were tired from the stress and I was broken by Ann's vindictive nature. It took a long time to recover from that. She had been my journal of life. I shared all my views, dreams, and secrets which she willingly through all away because she wanted to be spiteful. I never spoke to her much after that. She moved out of her mother’s house and into her boyfriend's apartment. Once her parents stopped giving her money and told her to start paying rent she left.It really made me see her for what she really is. A parasite. She hooks onto a host and takes in what nutrients she can. Finally, when she knows she can't get nothing more she moves on. Unfortunately, it is slightly different in my case. She grew with me. She festered in my heart and fed off my stories and my help and my love. It was all arsenals for her bags of tricks. So that day when she ripped herself out of my heart it hurt me deeply but now I know she is withering away with no one to latch onto and the once strong bridge she had with me is forever burned up and sealed for no entry ever again.A descriptive essay creating a dominant impression|exec|good|fair|imprv|0| INTRODUCTION ? 15 points| | build reader interest| | | | | | state a sound and clear THESIS STATEMENTpresent a dominant impression| | | | | | offer a single sentence summary of the main supports which maintain the dominant impression| | | | | | DEVELOPMENTAL PARAGRAPHS ? 60 points| | contain topic sentences (main supports) connected to thesis to develop/enhance the dominant impression| | | | | | are unified around the topic sentence| | | | | | re fully developed with specific examples, details, explanations to reinforce the dominant impressions| | | | | | contain specific words to reinforce the dominant impression| | | | | | provide sentences that are clearly written| | | | | | GENERAL ISSUES -20 points| | use a consistent voice (NO ? YOU? )| | | | | | spell all w ords correctly| | | | | | increase coherence among sentences and paragraphs| | | | | | use commas and semi-colons correctly| | | | | | PERSONAL GOAL -5 points| | | | | | | | The personal goal is a composing issue that has challenged the writer previously

Planting the Seeds of Jealously in PARADISE LOST

All great works of literature have at their center a strong conflict. After all, if there was no conflict between the protagonist and the antagonist then there would be little of interest to any work. Not all conflict, however, is external. That is, while the protagonist and the antagonist may be in conflict there are also a number of internalized conflicts that the characters possess as well. Often, it is this internal conflict that drives the external conflict. Such is the case with the fourth and fifth books of John Milton's PARADISE LOST as there are a number of internal conflicts that are born of senses of jealousy and inferiority. When we first look at Book 4 of PARADISE LOST we are introduced to the pitiful figure of Satan. Please note, the word pitiful is not used here flippantly. The character truly appears pathetic. Part of this would be the result of Satan essentially being a stranger in a strange land who no longer feels welcome in heaven as he is cast out. This builds into a feeling resentment, anger and jealously towards the Earth in its paradise form. Satan then becomes driven to travel to paradise and disrupt things. It would seem almost as if Satan is a spoiled child who would rather destroy a toy rather than let anyone else play with it. Satan then re-directs his internal conflicts towards the inhabitants of paradise with Eve being his intended prey. If Satan can destroy Eve he can destroy paradise. Of course, if Eve were strong she would be able to fend off his tempting but she is not. This is because she is also internally conflicted. In Book Five, the Angel Gabriel informs Adam that there is the possibility that they may evolve to a higher power. But, in order to do so they must remain loyal to God. On the surface, this would seem like a rather simple task. Simply follow orders and all will be well. Of course, human beings have a tendency to be their own worst enemies and this was not lost upon Adam or Eve. In this case, it was Eve who falters first. Part of the reason for this is that Eve also possesses a certain sense of conflict not unlike Satan. (This is foreshadowed in the dream sequence which we will soon discuss) Satan as a fallen angel feels a certain sense of inferiority towards the angels that are still in the good graces of God. In a similar vein, Eve feels equally conflicted since she feels inferior to Adam. After all, the angel discusses how she and Adam can obtain perfection but he only discusses this with Adam. As such, there is a certain â€Å"snub† Eve feels and this is probably what led to her being more susceptible to the taunts of Satan. In a way, Eve's eventually jealously is similar to Satan. Since the root of Satan's rebuke of God can be traced to his jealously towards son it would not be out of the question that Eve would also feel a similar jealously. Her jealousy, however, is directed towards Adam who is seemingly favored by God and the heavens. Much like with Satan, this jealously would prove to be her undoing. This does not occur in the fourth of fifth chapter but it is foreshadowed by a  sequence where God acknowledges that his creations – the humans – will eventually fall and falter. It would seem that God understands such feelings are human nature and that they can not be circumvented no matter what. Perhaps, God understands that all creatures in heaven and earth are flawed and these flaws lead to the weak emotions of jealously, pride and envy that are their undoing. It is also foreshadowed in the early part of Book Five, Eve has a dream that foreshadows her fall. Adam warns her to not pay mind to thoughts of feeding from the Tree of Knowledge. However, we can see how the seed of such malfeasance is planted. But, there is a clear understanding here that inferiority exists. In other words, since there is a Tree of Knowledge there must obviously be things that Adam and Eve do not know. In other words, they are obviously imperfect beings that are in the shadow of God and the angels. Again, this creates the seeds of jealousy that will later manifest into resentment and defiance. Remember, PARADISE LOST is not so much about physically being cast out of paradise as much as it is about the sad realization that all beings are flawed. Among these major flaws are notions that an individual will suffer from envy and jealously; emotions which can lead to great undoing if not properly placed in check. Sadly, the seeds of jealousy in these two chapters of PARADISE LOST grow until they ultimately deliver what the title of the work would suggest – an outright loss of salvation and the birth of the desire to regain it. This, of course, is another tale for another time.   

The case of Radmacher v Granatino [2010] UKSC 42 was a welcome Essay

The case of Radmacher v Granatino [2010] UKSC 42 was a welcome development in the area of financial relief on divorce. Discuss - Essay Example Prior to the discussion, it is relevant to have an insight as pertains to the main issues in the topic of discussion. To begin with, divorce is passed by a court and nullifies the marriage between two married people. Following divorce, the court can provide ancillary relief to either of the parties and depending on the circumstances of divorce and support required by either party. However, there are agreements that are made prior to the marriage (pre-nuptial) or after the marriage (post-nuptial) and their weights are considered while making these rulings. One such ruling is the case in the title where the ancillary proceedings involved an existing pre-nuptial agreement . The case of Radmacher v. Granatino brought a decisive ruling by the court of appeal as pertains to pre-nuptial agreements. The court ruled that if couples divorced and had a pre-nuptial contract, none of the two parties were viable to make financial claims in opposition to the partner if form of proceedings. As pertains to the facts of this court, the contract was binding in August 1998 in German by Mr. Granatino a French man and Ms Radmacher a German. They both lived in London where their children were born in September 1999 and in May 2002 and they later separated in August 2006. Though the law was made in German, the proceedings following divorce were held in English court. It is of paramount importance to note that in English judicial system, pre-nuptial contracts are considered as opponents of public opinion and hence invalid and unenforceable. The courts in England and the United States have since proved it difficult for divorced couples to enforce proceedings as pertains to pr e-nuptial contracts.... Baron J however demoted the relevance of the contract on the grounds that there were no negotiations, Ms Radmacher did not disclose her assets, and Mr. Granatino was not given any legal advice. Moreover she affirmed that it was unfair to deprive Mr. Granatino the claim especially since he was in need of the additional support and also that the two children bound them in the holy matrimony of marriage. However, this case was taken to the supreme and its discretion with reference to4 reviewed. The court of Appeal with reference to the case of Macleod v. Macleod5 held that the husband should be rendered as accountable to the agreement since there were no factors emulating the contrary. This served as a ruling in similar cases pertaining to monetary agreements among divorced couples who had made an agreement prior to their marriage. This case served as a baseline to assess the weight upon which the agreement should be given in deciding the validity of the agreement. This agreement made p rior to marriage is defined as pre-nuptial or ante-nuptial agreement and will be referred to throughout this discussion. With this genesis of the facts and ruling to the case, a discussion will be presented outlining the financial freedom following divorce that has resulted from the ruling in the case of Radmacher v. Granatino6. Discussion In Favor Of Financial Freedom Following Divorce Lack of undue influence is a relevant factor that is considered in cases pertaining pre-nuptial agreements and aids in financial freedom of the plaintiff to litigation. With reference to the case of Mr. Granatino, the court took into consideration the willingness of the parties to enter into a contract prior to their being married to each other. This is used to evaluate in the contract is legally binding

Principles of Law Enforcement Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Principles of Law Enforcement - Case Study Example In addition, the paper will talk about responsibilities of the fusion center once the list is compiled in relation to the scenario. Question 1: Categories of critical infrastructure that should concern law enforcers Critical infrastructure was a term that came to be used in the military during the mid 90’s. Meteoric increase in cyber communications linked the infrastructures which were vital to the economy and defense of many countries. The common infrastructures are owned and run by private sectors. They include telecommunications, gas/ oil storage and transportation, electrical power systems, banking and finance, water supply, transportation and emergency services. The critical infrastructures are divided in two categories; physical threat (damage to tangible property), and cyber attack (threat to the electronic/ computer-based systems). Law enforcers should issue threat and warning notices whenever they notice of any risks posed by these critical infrastructures. Question 2 : Structures that should be listed as critical targets A structure that stands critically always to be checked by law enforcement bodies falls as the use of force in reporting (Arcaro 68). Some of the structures that should be considered as critical targets in the country include telecommunications, gas/ oil storage and transportation, electrical power systems, banking and finance, water supply, transportation and emergency services. Policing requires that sometimes an officer must implement control of an assaultive, violent, or resisting individual to carry out an arrest, or to defend the officer, other officers, or individuals of the common public from a risk of impending harm. Question 3: Should local politics be involved in developing principles of law enforcement In many rival states, core governing bodies like the legislation, police and judiciary all too often operated as separate entities. Modest support existed, and they often clashed over who would control productive sourc es of revenue such as imposing â€Å"taxes† for services and selling jobs to diverse criminal enterprises (Arcaro 69). These diverse enterprises involved trafficking in children and women, stealing, narcotics, diamonds and similar resources. These organs hardly ever fulfilled their duties as defined by law, which was one of the direct causes of the divergence. So a major test, for mediators will be to assist professionalizes each of these organs while at the same time build bridges between and among them where restricted earlier exchanges existed. Overcoming turf awareness and insular instincts tend to be difficult, especially where power and control falls as a finite factor, and one group’s gain leads to another’s loss (Arcaro 70). Question 4: Way forward for fusion centers Fusion centers play a crucial role in collection, evaluation and distribution of information on terrorism to other law enforcers in order to maintain peace in a country. Some disciplines suc h as the law enforcement characterize a core constituent of the fusion process in connection with the relationship between terrorism and crime and also the fact that these authorities are suited to coordinate such efforts both locally and statewide. A set of procedure for the way forward for fusion centers of the local includes the following: 1. They ought to recognize the names of all police officers in their centers. Maintain a precise and updated record of all law enforcement officers

Employee engagement is crucial for effective corporate decision making Essay

Employee engagement is crucial for effective corporate decision making - Essay Example Effective and efficient decision making in a company will enhance a perfect maximization of profits. A poor one, on the other hand, is not flexible to change especially technological changes, in a business corporation. The inefficiency of a poor decision-making by the managerial teams may lead to the decline of the company. This may be because of the poor relationship between the employer and the employees thus resulting into lack of responsibility towards the production of the final products. In the decision making process, the managers choose a perfect course of action from some of the few observable ones. The Lenovo and Samsung Companies have adopted this system of decision-making process towards acquiring a perfect product for competition. Employees’ Engagement in Corporate Decision-Making The Lenovo and Samsung Companies indulge in a more competitive market environment. Their decision-making processes are, therefore, very considerate especially in the managerial decision- making. This has seen these companies at the top of their game due to the well-organised decision-making process. Decision-making processes, in these companies, range from the product promotion, customer relation and to the employee-employer relationship. In addition, when it comes to the employee-employee relations, the companies have adopted a perfect system since this is the ultimate goal of any given business corporate. The brands of products produced by the Lenovo and Samsung companies are as well not affected by the market segmentations. Concept of Corporate Decision-Making A perfect corporate decision-making is a significant aspect towards achieving a healthy competitive marketing environment by a company (Salman, 2001 p201). Pricing, as an example of a decision making process, has made Lenovo as a multinational company acquire a greater status in the technological field. This company adopted one of the most appropriate pricing strategies, which has increased its customerâ₠¬â„¢s loyalty that has led to increased demand of their products globally due to their affordable nature (Bevans, 2007 p142). This, in addition, has maximised the profit maximization limits of the Lenovo Company. In the technology market, Lenovo has been viewed as one of the fast moving globally operating companies (Akwetey, 2011 p123). Samsung, on the other hand, has also adopted a flexible decision-making process in its marketing strategies (Mylanas & Hodges, 2007 p154). Samsung’s products are also affordable in most marketing environment. Over the last decades, Samsung has been able to acquire a good number of customers in spite of the stiff competition in the technological marketing environment. The Effectiveness of Corporate Decision-Making Businesses that handgrip their decisions in a well-organised manner just as these two companies will always be at an upper hand towards achieving a perfect financial status. Financial superiority, as an aspect of decision-making, is o ne of the key goals of a corporate decision making (Ling, 2006 p121). The entrepreneurs, therefore, engage in the decision-making system by considering financial status acquaintances as the driving factors. Another key aspect of an effective decision-making process is the motivation of employees in the workplace. Motivation of workers in the organisation is also a key role of decision-making (Mauboussin, 2021 p253). Various businesses have undergone

Australia's Economy Over The Last Two Years Essay

Australia's Economy Over The Last Two Years - Essay Example In Australia, the Australian government and the Reserve Bank of Australia play a major role in the country’s economics, as these determine the macroeconomic policies in the country. According to the International Labour Organization (2013), a microeconomic policy that is aimed at achieving economic stability in a country, is a paramount condition for the achievement and sustenance of high levels of development tin a country. Nonetheless, this part of the essay explores the main macroeconomic policies used by the Australian Government and the Reserve Bank of Australia over the last two years. There are two core macroeconomic policies, which a country can use, and these include the monetary and the fiscal policy. Nonetheless, the Australian government and the Reserve Bank of Australia have in the past two years, used these to control the economy. Fiscal policy in Australia includes the level and composition of government revenues and outlays, methods of financing a budget defici t or using a budget surplus, the operation of automatic and discretionary stabilizers, and the provision of incentives to increase aggregate supply. According to Parkinson (2012), a major function of Australia’s fiscal policy is to ensure the maintenance of fiscal sustainability from a medium-term perspective. Parkinson (2012) also notes that monetary policy in Australia has the main purpose of maintaining inflation between 2 and 3 percent. The monetary policy in Australia has to do with the Reserve Bank of Australia interest rate, as well as the exchange rate policies, and transmission mechanisms. This serves to anchor inflation expectations, and has the responsibility of managing demand. This is with the aim of ensuring that the country’s economy remains on a stable path of growth, and maintains a low rate of inflation. Therefore, monetary policy and fiscal policy, as well as exchange rate, are three core aspects of Australia’s macroeconomic framework, which h ave been extremely important for the past two years, as these have provided a great level of flexibility for the country to deal with economic shocks that it experiences from time to time. Parkinson (2012) notes that the Australian macroeconomic policy framework is an asset and an endowment to the country, as it forms a core part of the country’s productive base. Nonetheless, for the past two years, these have been effective in ensuring that Australia addresses its economic problems, and the Australian government achieves its economic objectives. The Reserve Bank of Australia deals with all the issues pertaining the monetary policy. Nonetheless, a major aspect of the monetary policy, which the Reserve Bank of Australia utilizes is the interest rate. This interest rate influences differently other interest rates in the economy, so that the borrowers and lenders in the money markets come under the influence of the monetary policy. The Reserve Bank of Australia controls the inte rest rates in a manner that will ensure that the objectives of the Reserve Bank Act 1959 are attained. These include, and are not limited to ensuring a stable currency of the country, preventing unemployment, boosting living standards of citizens, and ensuring economic empowerment of the people (Reserve Bank of Australia 2013). In order to ease or loosen bonds, the Reserve Bank of Australia would buy bonds in order to create excess liquidity, putting downward pressure on interest rates, allowing increased consumer and investment spending, and finally lower the rate of unemployment. Similarly, when there is a possibility of the rate of inflation to increase, the Reserve Bank

Too big to fail Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Too big to fail - Movie Review Example The television movie was based on a book by Andrew Ross Sorkin entitled Too Big to Fail: The Inside Story of how Wall Street and Washington Fought to Save the Financial System – and Themselves. In essence, the book and the movie discussed the issue of how the banks were careless in their lending practices leading to accumulation of worthless and toxic paper assets (Sorkin 2) which threatened their viability but are now in a bind expecting government to help them out somehow through a bailout, arguing they are too big to fail without seriously affecting the entire banking system (HBO, 2014). Their argument is a form of blackmail to government to act decisively soon: help us or clean up the entire mess. The movie revolves around the two old and venerable investment banks of Merrill Lynch and Lehman Brothers; the former found a white knight savior in Bank of America but Lehman Brothers was more problematic to solve. Two issues are paramount in this movie that require some ethical thinking: should banks engage in risky lending practices (moral hazard) that results in a failure of free market capitalism and secondly, if taxpayers money should be used to benefit a few people (are tax dollars used wisely or not? and are bailouts helpful or not?). Easy credit was the cause of the 2008 financial crisis but cutting off credit into a crunch can worsen the recession into possibly a new depression like in 1929 (Kinsley, para. 4). Kinsley, Michael. â€Å"Economic Crisis Unfurls in Hushed Suspense.† The New York Times, 22 May 2011. Web. 14 July 2014.

History homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History homework - Essay Example The four noble truths provide an overview of what Buddhism expects. The third noble truth that is contentment, Buddha assures people of happiness away from suffering forms the discussion. Buddhism is concerned about spiritual nourishment. In this understanding, there are monks and nuns who assist in serving and guiding people. Therefore, material possessions are important in giving the monks and nuns gifts for their services. In temples, material possessions are used as offertories to the gods, pleasing the dead relatives as well as offerings to guests (Karunaratna Suvimalee: pp 70). Material possessions and worldly goods have to bring happiness in life in everyone, people next to them as friends, relatives, family members or business partners. From this account, I agree with the Buddhism philosophy since it elaborates the true use of genuine wealth. Currently, everybody in the city is a workaholic. This shows lack of purpose in life since they spend most of their time working. The lack of purpose has made many people greedy for material wealth in terms of money, property accumulations and businesses. With such greed in the mind, they focus on satisfying their needs while forgetting the community. Children during their early stages in development play around with toys to learn the art of being independent. In adolescent stages, people interact with goods to learn negotiation skills and the art of individualism. For instance, women use commodities for their personal representation while men use commodities in finding and exploring new ventures that promote the economy. Human beings have the freedom to choose what they deem right and enjoyable in life. However, during this process according to Buddha, they have to make wise choices that will ensure effective use of

Business Employment Law (R. Williams Construction Co. v. OSHRC) Assignment

Business Employment Law (R. Williams Construction Co. v. OSHRC) - Assignment Example In September 2002, Jose Aguiniga, an employee of Williams was killed when an underground system he was cleaning caved-in at the Santa Ynez worksite. Subsequently the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) received the information and immediately embarked on the site assessment (Silverstein, 2008). As the consequence of that assessment, the Commission served citations on the construction company claiming violations of the Act. The respondent acted by filing with the Commission, their contest against the findings. In January 2004, the Commission heard the case in Santa Barbara, California. The legal issue in Williams was whether the respondent violated the safety standards under Section 651-678 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1970, which if proven, would be the cause in fact of the injury upon the employees (Walsh, 2012). The regulator alleged that Williams had violated the safety standards leading to the loss of life of one employee and serious injury upon the person of another. First, Williams breached the OSH Act 1970 by digging a narrow and poorly maintained trench measuring 12 feet deep at the construction site. Although the upper walls of the trench were slanting outwards, the deeper, lower part was not properly reinforced to avoid a possible cave-in. Second, Williams failed to remind its employees about the safety measures they should observe while working on the site. The employees who were injured had been regularly doing a clean-up of the submersible pump placed on the floor of trench without any significant protective gear or knowledge (Walsh, 2012). Williams was unsuccessful in its claims that every employee was supposed to observe their own safety in the workplace because its behavior was negligent. The company’s leadership failed to demonstrate the behavior of a reasonable person acting under similar circumstances. Williams was negligent in its deployment of employees in risky working conditions, with clear

Informal Report (Ch 9) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Informal Report (Ch 9) - Essay Example In order to be a registered nurse, one has to have a bachelor’s degree in nursing, a diploma course from an approved nursing program or even an associate degree in nursing. Other than having these academic qualifications, a registered nurse is required to undertake a licensing examination in order to be accorded a license to certify them to practice nursing legally. As at 2010, the annual salary of a registered nurse was $64,690. The future outlook of this career is slightly more than average as it is expected to grow at 26% before year 2020. This growth will be facilitated by the technological advancements, changes in healthcare and emphasis on preventive care. Being registered nurse will provide the basics in nursing and therefore career advancement to even become a head nurse or specialize in other areas of nursing like being a pediatric or cardiac nurse among other nursing career

Feminist Movement Essay Example for Free

Feminist Movement Essay Feminism is a significant theme addressed in many literary works of the contemporary period. In the 1800s and early 20th century, many women were oppressed and denied the right to equal opportunities that men were granted. However, after the active and significant role women played in World War II, a drastic change occurred. Women began to play a more respected and crucial role in society. Many women abandoned their expected roles as housewives and mothers and looked for other valued opportunities. This societal shift became a political movement and spawned the social theory of feminism. There was a momentous crusade for equal rights. Women were motivated to eliminate the gender stereotyped roles that were hindering their progression in society. Women began to openly voice their beliefs on equality. They fought for social, political, and economic equality. This movement inspired many female writers to challenge the sexist ideologies held against women and advocate the right for equality in their poems, stories, and novels. Two significant contemporary feminist writers of this period are Margaret Atwood and Sally Ito. Atwood and Itos literary works stress female empowerment, equality, celebrate womanhood, and portray the importance of the female role in society. Margaret Atwood conveys powerful and passionate feminist themes, issues, and conflicts through many of her literary works. Atwood portrays a realistic view and illustration of women in society, focusing on the ways in which females are hindered and victimized by gender-typing and stereotypes. In the prose, Happy Endings, Atwood mocks and argues against the traditional fairy tale of the ideal relationship between men and women. She challenges the stereotypical characterization of men and women through different scenarios, using satire to poke fun at societys flawed misconceptions about relationships between the sexes. In scenario A, the ideal husband and wife, John and Mary, live happily in their nice house, have interesting careers, two children, an active social life, and are able to retire living out the rest of their life happily (Atwood). Atwood mocks this scenario as the fairy tale life and argues that it is unrealistic to the lives of contemporary families and relationships. In another scenario, Atwood tackles the challenging task of displaying a more realistic relationship and the appalling way in which women are sometimes treated. Atwood illustrates the  character of Mary as weak and regarded by John as an object. Mary worries about pleasing John and is determined to get his attention by preparing him dinner and looking nice for him. John, however, does not care about Mary and . . . merely uses her body for selfish pleasure and ego gratification of a tepid kind (Atwood). Mary believes that she can use sex as a weapon to hold on to John. She is blinded by her love for him and refuses to accept or believe that she is treated badly by John. Atwood states that, John goes out the door with hardly so much as a good-night and three days later he turns up at six oclock and they do the whole thing over again (Atwood). Mary is trapped in a vicious loveless cycle with John. She is unable to find the strength to break this cycle and fears she is nothing without John. In another scenario, Atwood addresses freedom in relationships and the notorious double-standard theory. Mary is stuck in a relationship between two men, John and James. John is an older married man having an affair with Mary, but is in love with her. James is a wild young man free from lifes commitments. Mary is not impressed by John, but is infatuated by James free and unbridled life. James is often away seeing the world upon the seat of his flashy motorcycle. Atwood states that, Freedom isnt the same for girls, so in the meantime Mary spends Thursday evenings with John. Thursdays are the only days John can get away (Atwood). Marys life is insignificant and she is stifled into planning her life around John and James. This scenario displays the subservient and obedient roles women were expected to take on in many relationships. In the remaining scenarios of Atwoods prose, Happy Endings, two other characters are introduced, Fred and Madge. These characters illustrate more practical and equal roles in the male-female relationship. Atwood erases the sexist ideologies against women in these scenarios, concluding that whatever the relationship story may be . . . the endings are the same however you slice it (Atwood). The reality is men and women both die and that in life, women should not be considered submissive idealists. Sally Ito also celebrates womanhood and feminism in many of her literary works. Ito voices strong feminist themes, depicting women as empowering and compelling figures. She centers much of her writing on portraying women realistically and commemorating the bonds shared by women. In the poems,  Sonata for Three Sleeping Women and Sisters of the Modern Mind, Ito honors the bonds of sisterhood and links the diverse stages and experiences of a womans life. The poem, Sonata for Three Sleeping Women, illustrates Itos feminist view of the remarkable journey from girlhood into womanhood. Ito relates the innocence and purity of childhood to a peacefully sleeping child, . . . dreaming of the nights darkness passing in grace of he who answers prayers forever (Ito). The child breathes easy and gently, sheltered from the world and its pain. Ito compares new love and passion to a young woman tensely sleeping anticipating, . . . the brink of loves summation (Ito). A picture is painted of the dreams of many young women and the beauty of everlasting love. Ito describes old age as the realization that life is not forever and the significance of every night and breath. Darkness signifies the end of each day and women are able to cherish their memories and Now breath for breaths sake (Ito). In the poem, Sisters of the Modern Mind, Ito describes the special and unique bond of sisterhood. She conveys that, in life, women can take many different courses. Some women are stimulated by the need for knowledge and intellectual growth. Other women seek out stimulating careers, while others long for the love and nurturing bonds of motherhood. Women have the freedom to take on many of these roles in society and are not to be hindered or pigeonholed into one stereotypical category. The diverse stages and paths of life are what link women together as sisters. Ito reveals that, . . . time and anatomy still wear at our bones like the tide upon the sand that tosses the jeweled shells, you and I, sisters, of the wave (Ito, 188). Women are affected the same by time and the experience of lifes journey. This is what Ito emphasizes as the remarkable bond of sisterhood. The literary works by Margaret Atwood and Sally Ito convey a very powerful, realistic, and feminist view of women in the contemporary period. They honor and celebrate womanhood in many of their writings helping to eliminate the sexist ideologies held against women in society. Atwood and Ito were significantly inspired by the feminist movement and its impact on modern society. Their literary works signify the crusade for equal rights and pay tribute to the emancipated female in contemporary times.

Emile Durkheim and Max Weber

Emile Durkheim and Max Weber The subject of Sociology emerged in the 18th and 19th century a period known as The Age of Enlightenment. Since then, the study of Sociology has contributed profoundly and vastly to the world of history by fostering the formation, development, and shaping of societies. The fathers of Sociology, like Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, have had a weighty contribution in studying the development of societies and the evolution of social thinking. During 1789, the changes in French Society encouraged Durkheim to give Sociology its academic credibility and influence, as he saw Sociology as a distinctive study. His study was methodological, which he made evident in his study of the suicides. Weber formed a new form of conflict theory using Marxs work as his base. His research discussed the search for adequacy at the level of both subjective understanding and structural causality. In this essay, I will be focusing on the works of Durkheim and Weber, and will be explaining how the studied the evol ution of society focusing on different aspects. In Durkheims work, The Division of Labour (1997), he studied the changes in social cohesion amongst societies that evolved from traditional to modern, mainly focusing on individualism (Durkheim, 1997). He believed that the division of labour and economic dependence was the main force for binding people together in modern societies, unlike in traditional societies, where the shared belief would hold the society together (Durkheim, 1997). He explained this by mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity. Nonetheless, he did agree that a shared moral basis was an essential factor in social order, because organic solidarity emphasizes more on individual distinction, rather than common identities (Durkheim, 1997). Therefore, he noticed that, in traditional communities, religion was being replaced by individualism and philosophy. Mechanical solidarity exists in pre-industrial, small-scale societies and individuals are alike because they share the same emotions and same sacred values, hence their properties are communally owned, making the community smaller and traditional (Durkheim, 1997). Therefore, they do not differentiate, which limits job specification in the society. Over time, societies get more complex, this led to an increase in the division of labour and cause mechanical solidarity to be less evident. As a result, organic solidarity is created, forming more modern and large-scaled societies (Durkheim, 1997). In these societies, consensus is created, which means that there is differentiation between individuals, so there was a range of activity and tasks that came across, which strengthens the interdependence amongst them (Durkheim, 1997). In spite of individuals being unlike one another, they need to get on together in order for social life to work. This dependence develops a network of solidarity. Therefore, social order does not rest on uniformity but rather on individual pursuing different, but complementary functions, which encourages individualism and individual talent (Durkheim, 1997). The moral force and consensus amongst others hold the society together and ensures that interdependence remains. It should be considered that Durkheims distinction of these societies was not a simplistic and rigid division, because societies dont exhibit one and not the other. As organic solidarity increasing, societies will still need to have common beliefs because all societies have to have some common set of assumption about the world (Durkheim, 1997). Thus, collective consciousness is vital in a society, because without it, there is a collection of mutually antagonistic individuals (Durkheim, 1997). However, collective consciousness varies in extent and force from one society to another. Mechanical solidarity on one hand embraces individual conscience, and on the other hand, organic solidarity individual scope is higher, because people have greater freedom to follow their own preferences (Durkheim, 1997). Although the division of labour was important to Durkheim, it was not at the basis of his social theory. Unlike Marx, he did not see the economic level of social organization as providing the basis for all others, and he was much more concerned with shared beliefs and norms. He thought that class conflict was a temporary obstacle in social development believing that it acted as a mediator to ensure that modernisation occurred smoothly. Unlike Durkheim, who focused on the society and how that forms the actions, Weber discusses how individual action causes the changes in society. Weber argued that bureaucracies were becoming the organizational model of the 19th Century (Ritzer, 2000 and Weber in Lemert, 1999), which is a large hierarchical organization governed by formal rules and regulations and having clearly specified work tasks (Newman, 2008). This was seen as a leading example of rationalisation, as decisions were based on efficiency and not on tradition; it was an important social development to modernity. George Ritzer (1993) argues that McDonalds is becoming the model for organizations in the 21st Century; the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as of the rest of the world (Ritzer, 1993). Webers rationalisation discussed regularities and patterns of action within civilisations, institutions, organisations, strata, classes, and groups (Ritzer, 2000). His interest lies on the objectified rationality, which is the action that is in accord with some process of external systematization. Weber argues 4 types of rationality practical, theoretical, substantive, and formal to scrutinize the historical fates of rationalization as sociocultural processes (Kalbery, 1980). Practical rationality is every way of life that views and judges worldly activity in relation to the individuals purely pragmatic and egoistic interests (Kalbery, 1980). Individuals that practice this rationality, merely accept realities, and deal with difficulties in the most expedient way. This rationality opposes anything that threatens to transcend everyday routine. Individuals tend to distrust all impractical values, as well as theoretical rationality. Theoretical rationality understands reality through t he abstract concepts, rather than through action (Ritzer, 2000). Unlike practical rationalists, individuals deal with difficulties as a quest to understand the world as a meaningful cosmos. Substantive rationality discusses how individuals accept the various possible values and attempt to make them consistent (Ritzer, 2000). However, this does become an issue in modern societies as it acts as an obstacle to pursue certain values. For example, being grounded to family values may be difficult for an individual to tolerate the economic pressure and dominance from bureaucratic organisations. Lastly, formal rationality characterises bureaucratic, which leads to universally applied rules, laws and regulations that characterize formal rationality in the West particularly in the economic, legal, and scientific institutions, as well as in the bureaucratic form of domination (Ritzer, 2000), such as the contemporary legal and judicial systems. As society was become more rationalised, Weber noticed that in modern societies, formal rationality played a greater role, thus substantive rationality lead to a decline (Ritzer, 2000). This is because; formal rationality emerged consequently during the time when capitalistic organisations were being developed. Due to the increase in formal rationality, the other forms of rationality are crowded out, limiting the possibility of creative social action (Ritzer, 2000). Durkheim believed that individuals actions are not independently chosen by them but in fact is the choices are planned by society. Using religion as an example, we possess certain values, beliefs and practices which have been learnt over time, because of their existence before. As a result, Durkheim believes that we perform our roles in society as a duty, even though they conform to my own sentiments and I feel their reality subjectivelyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I merely inherited them through my education (Appelrouth, S. Laura D.E in 2008). For example, the roles we perform as being a sister, or wife, or even mother is more like a duty, and how society expects us to behave and act towards the other. Therefore, the achievement of social life among people, the existence of social order and social solidarity is established by collective standards of behaviour and values (Durkheim, 1964). However, social solidarity is crucial for the existence of society; the specific type or form social solidari ty which resides within a society is not fixed and changes the changing form of society. The members of the society adopt common values, beliefs and tradition, which is created as products of collective interaction. This means that individuals are constrained to adopt their culture in a certain way, because they belong to that culture (Durkheim, 1964). For example, as a member of the audience, individuals feel obliged to applaud at the right time to conform the feeling of collectively. Therefore, the social group is a social phenomenon, as it constrains individual behaviour, which is known as social facts. It is every way of acting, fixed or not, capable of exercising on the individual an external constraint; or gain, every way of acting which is general throughout a given society, while at the same time existing in its own right independent of its individual manifestations (Durkheim, 1964: 13). For example, many people say that society is the reason for their actions, beliefs and knowledge; like society expects one to get married and have children, however not everyone fulfils these expectations, and they still do continue living in society. Nevertheless, the degree of constraint and freedom vary and there is always a degree of choice, but the there is also a degree of constraint, which are social facts. Durkheim (1964) argues that social facts must be regarded as things which can be observed at the level of collectively and not at the level of individual behaviour. He also suggests that one can identify social phenomena by identifying situations of social constraint. Using suicide as an example, we all believe that it is the most individualistic action of all actions (Poilton et al, 1987). However, Durkheim uses his work on Suicide to prove that even in its most solitary and individual of acts, something external to the individual, namely society, has not only been a witness to but also the director of the tragic drama. Webers social action theory explains how individuals in society have the ability to exert control over their own actions, which makes them the active creator of social behaviour, hence opposing Durkheims view about society constructing their action. Hence, according to Weber, society is created by individuals and not the other way around (Weber, 1978 and Whimster, 2000). Individuals in society use their conscious thought to be aware of themselves and others as social beings; they possess their own motives, belief, and reasons, and they control their own actions. Weber discusses 4 types of social action according to the degree of rationality vs. meaningfulness traditional action, affectual action, value-rational action, and instrumental action (Weber, 1978 and Whimster, 2000). Traditional action is an unthinking habitual behaviour. It has low rationality and low meaningfulness (Weber, 1978). For example, the way people eat in different cultures and families vary. Thus, eating with yo ur hands is not considered rude in an Indian family, whereas it would be in a European family. Affectual action is governed by emotions, and thus makes it uncontrollable, similarly to traditional action; it is low on rationality and meaningfulness (Weber, 1978). For example, emotions such as laughing, burping, and anger are controllable, and as a result, the individuals have the ability to exert control. Value-rational action is the characteristic of modern societies and civilisations that have not made the transition to high modernity (Weber, 1978). These actions are high on rationality, but low on meaning, as one is unable to reflect upon the value of actions. For example, in religion, the belief in God is rational as there is blind faith, and people follow certain practices in order to go to heaven. Lastly, instrumental action represents the completion of an individuals ability to reflect upon the ways and purposes of his actions (Weber, 1978). It exists in all societies, but pre dominantly in advanced capitalist societies. For example, in society, in order to earn a PhD degree, one has certain rational acts to achieve that certain rational goal, such as funds and grades. Therefore, Weber argued that the actions of the individuals are not influenced by society, but in fact they have the capability to exert control over their actions, thus they are independent of their own behaviour. In Division of Labour (1997), Durkheim further discusses the reinforcement of suitably modernized societies. He saw that only certain groups would be permitted to regulate economic life by generating the moral standards (Turner, 1993). According to Durkheim, these standards can be established neither by the scientist in his study nor by the statesman; it has to the task of the groups concerned. (Turner, 1993); in other words, it cannot come from outside. However, these groups were non-existent in society (Turner, 1993). Although Durkheim was vague about the groups, he does implicitly argue that the groups would have initially been formed by legislation; once the group is formed, nothing can hinder an appropriate moral life from evolving out of it (Turner, 1993). Nevertheless, Durkheims vague idea about the groups was correct. The governmental regulation of economic life, such as the regulation on the notions of morality and equity, has enormously developed in modern industrialised societies, and the agent is known as the State, not occupational groups (Turner, 1993). As Durkheim failed to realise the ability the State possesses to regulate economic life, he also underestimated the moral power of traditional intermediate groups, which were based upon their religion and ethics (Turner, 1993). He believed that only modern groups could counterbalance the actions of the State. However, Durkheim viewed central State and intermediate groups are the key factors to individual rights (Turner, 1993). Therefore, Durkheim perceives the State as the organ of the society, it is the social brain; the State acts as a regulator. Weber did not see State as the regulator, but in fact, he saw the State as dominator. As we are aware that bureaucracy organisation were being more popular, societies transferred from traditional to modern over a period of time, especially in capitalist societies. Weber saw that there was a new emphasis on materialism and consequently the rise in Protestantism resulted in the formation of The Iron Cage as human society was imprisoned with depersonalisation and increased rationalisation (Weber, 1958). According to Calvinism, known as a rational religious system, people should engage in a disciplined and methodical way of life which would facilitate their path to become richer and work harder (Weber, 1958). This was because they believed that it was the right way to glorify God, as it would be a sign that they are chosen to be saved. Contrary, Catholic doctrine followed the idea that one would obtain salvation by the means of avoiding salvation and adopting an isolated and mainly spiritual life (Weber, 1958). Therefore, the attitude of material wealth to serve God, and wasting time and money being an obstacle for salvation, led to development of the Capitalist system, as it permitted Christians to live luxuriously, thus rational economy was formed in which everything was calculated and designed to maintain the system. However, soon, the reasons for material wealth had been substituted for other reasons, and maintaining the social system was a key priority (Weber, 1958). These meant that people worked and earn more, just so they could spend more. As a results, science replaced religion in order to keep the system working, thus the Capitalist system got out of hand, which linked to secularisation (Weber, 1958). Unconsciously, people were trapped in the system, like a cage, without ways to leave, which subsequently made them slaves of the system, transferring people into money machines (Weber, 1958). According to Weber, peoples ability to control their life was diminishing as they no longer had the option of to be or not to be part of the system; their freedom is limited. Ironically, the bureaucracy aimed to ensure peoples civil liberty, but unfortunately, it resulted in people enslaving them, and indirectly forcing them to support the system. To conclude, it is evident that Weber and Durkheim both focused on different aspects when studying social evolution. Weber focused on the economical aspect, such as capitalism and bureaucracy, and Durkheim on the social, like the workings of society; Weber supported the idea that actions of individuals caused a change in society, but Durkheim disagreed and said that it was the change in society that led to a change in peoples actions. However, they are similar in the way that they both believed that society needed to evolve, and break through the traditional way of life.

Absence of Evidence, or Evidence of Absence; A paper on Animal Consciou

Absence of Evidence, or Evidence of Absence? A paper on Animal Consciousness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consciousness is a difficult term to grasp; so much so, that many scientists will not even attempt to define the term, much less search for it’s evidence. Most however, do agree that consciousness must include certain aspects; specifically cognition, self-awareness, memory, and abstract thought.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lesley J. Rogers describes consciousness as, â€Å"related to awareness, intelligence, and complex cognition, as well as language. Consciousness may be manifested in self-awareness, awareness of others, intentional behavior, including intentional communication, deception of others, and in the ability to make mental and symbolic representations (13).†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is no question that humans carry these attributes, but what about animals? Some philosophers, including Descartes, claimed that while humans are conscious, animals are like machines, with no thought process or sentience. Others claim that animals are very capable of consciousness, and that we just have not had the capabilities to test the aspects of it through the scientific method. As Donald R. Griffin expressed: Conscious thinking may well be a core function of central nervous systems. For conscious animals enjoy the advantage of being able to think about alternative actions and select behavior they believe will get them what they want or help them avoid what they dislike or fear. Of course human consciousness is astronomically more complex and versatile than any conceivable animal thinking, but the basic question addressed†¦is whether the difference is qualitative and absolute, or whether animals are conscious even though the content of their consciousness is undoubtedly limited and very likely quite different of ours. (3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This paper will look at what evidence there is that may imply that some, if not all, vertebrate animals may have the capacity for conscious thinking. Cognition, for example is something that animals may require in order to adapt to their changing environments so quickly. Cognition is an animal’s ability to make a decision by evaluating or processing current information based on some representation of prior experience (Kamil in Pepperberg 127). Some animal studies, such as Franci... ...th other animals, because we do not share the same forms of communication. We can not ask what other animals are thinking, what they want or feel, or even determine if they have a sense of self. What is known right now is that we do not know, but that is no reason to throw the baby out with the bathwater and assume animal consciousness does not or can not exist. Until further observations or tests can be developed that will start to lead man to a closer understanding of the animal mind, it is important to remember that absence of evidence does not imply evidence of absence. Works Cited Griffin, Donald R. Animal Minds: Beyond Cognition to Consciousness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2001. Patterson, Francine, and Eugene Linden. The Education of Koko. New York,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NY: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1981. Pepperberg, Irene. The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  of Grey Parrots. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. Rogers, Lesley J. Minds of Their Own. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998. Wynne, Clive D.L. Animal Cognition. New York, NY: Palgrave, 2001.

Sybase :: essays research papers

Table of contents Types of indexes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Clustered Index†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Non-clustered Index†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Selection of indexes by Optimizer†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Search Arguments†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Index Selection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Index Distribution Stats†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Index Density†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Index Covering†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Optimization of Cursors†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Optimization of temp tables†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Some general rules for optimization†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Some useful commands†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Types of indexes Clustered Index (CI) The data in this case is physically stored in the order of the index. The leaf level of the index is the same as the data pages. There can be only one CI on a table as the data can physically be sorted in only one order. The select is extremely efficient with CI. The CI is extremely efficient in the following cases: a) where fname like "Ram%" b) where author_id between 1 and 7 c) where Price > 345.34 d) group by author_id e) order by author_name Non-clustered index (NI) The data in this case is not stored in the order an index is stored. The leaf-level of the index contains the various index keys and a pointer to the row as rowID (page no. + row offset). There can be 249 NI on a table. The NI should be used when a) The number of rows returned is small. b) When where clause limits the number of rows (usually '=' operator) c) When the query can be covered. Selection of indexes by Optimizer SEARCH ARGUMENTS (SARG) These are the expressions on the RHS of the where clause. They act as a kind of (dis)incentive to the optimizer to use the index on the column. Some search arguments are: where author_id = '13' where fname like "Ram%" where Price > 2347.32 Some expressions that are not valid SARGs are: Invalid Valid Price*1.5 = 1000 Price = 1000/1.5 Qty + 10 = 200 Qty = 200 - 10 fname + '' + lname fname = 'John' = "John Gray" and lname = 'Gray' Substring(1,3,fname) = 'KIR' Name like "KIR%" isnull(lname,"N") = "N" lname is null The index might not be used in the case of following SARGs: 1) No start point for the index. where lname like "%abc" 2) Non-matching data-types In SQL server, null and not null are held differently. Char null is same as varchar. So when char null and char not null is compared, the optimizer has to implicitly convert the data type, which it does not at the planning time. In both the above cases, distribution statistics are not used. INDEX SELECTION The optimizer first looks at the query if the columns contained in the where clause match with the columns specified in any of the index. If yes, then it proceeds further. The optimizer then looks if the where clause contains any SARG. If there is a valid SARG, the optimizer then looks for the distribution statistics of the index as:

Essay --

Kristy Huynh January 7, 2014 Period 2 The Poisonwood Bible Independent Study 1. Choose a passage that contains striking imagery. Analyze the passage and explain the effect on the work as a whole. â€Å"Clearing a rain forest to plant annuals is like stripping an animal first of its fur, then its skin. The land howls. Annual crops fly on a wing and a prayer. And even if you manage to get a harvest, why, you need roads to take it out! Take one trip overland here and you'll know forever that a road in the jungle is a sweet, flat, impossible dream. The soil falls apart. The earth melts into red gashes like the mouths of whales. Fungi and vines throw a blanket over the face of the dead land. It's simple, really. Central Africa is a rowdy society of flora and fauna that have managed to balance together on a trembling geologic plate for ten million years: when you clear off part of the plate, the whole slides into ruin†¦ To be here without doing everything wrong requires a new agriculture, a new sort of planning, a new religion† (524-525). Adah acknowledges what her father has done wrong and his inability to realizes his faults. The African land that the family has set food on cannot change according to their desires and attempting to do so only damages it more. Kingsolver illustrates that many do not seem to realize the impact of going into a country and asking them to change their religion, way of developing food, or their education system. Those attempting to colonize do not see the destruction that they are doing. Africa to Adah has been born like this, and â€Å" have managed to balance together on a trembling geological plate for ten million years.† This shows that balance has already been achieved in the views of the Africans and livin... ... ridiculous to Anatole that we have fruits and vegetables that are grown somewhere else and then driven miles and miles to the supermarket. The clash of the two cultures makes me wonder if the â€Å"American† way is better. It is pretty ridiculous that people can’t grow their own food and only rely on the labor of others. Although I appreciate and enjoyed reading about a world in which I have no experience, the imagery in the book was more than enough to show me that I would not survive a day living in Africa. Kingsolver’s vivid imagery and attention to detail hooked me the first few pages. (Like how the family wanted to bring the Better Crocker cake mix). The different detail from each of the Price sisters presents Africa and allowed me to piece it together. I was also able to identify myself with each of the sisters. I see myself as Rachel, Adah, Leah, and Ruth May.